審美忠實(shí)：不可叛逆的文學(xué)翻譯之重與基礎(chǔ)語(yǔ)法之巧|譯境解析的英語(yǔ)奧秘|學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)技巧|上海譯境公司

梁實(shí)秋本打算用20年譯完《莎士比亞全集》，而實(shí)際上用了30年。譯后朋友們?yōu)樗e行“慶功會(huì)”，他在會(huì)上發(fā)表演講：要譯《莎士比亞全集》，必須具備三個(gè)條件。一是必須不是學(xué)者，若是學(xué)者就搞研究去了；二是必須不是天才，若是天才就搞創(chuàng)作去了；三是必須活得相當(dāng)久。“很僥幸，這三個(gè)條件我都具備。”作為我，當(dāng)然不能同梁實(shí)秋相比，但他說(shuō)的這三個(gè)條件，我想我也大體具備。我不是像樣的學(xué)者，更不是天才。即使同作為本職工作的教書(shū)匠相比，最為人知曉的也仍是翻譯匠。所以今天也只能作為翻譯匠來(lái)幾句老生常談。

諸位知道，翻譯這東西本來(lái)就是相當(dāng)不好說(shuō)的東西，而作為譯者說(shuō)自己的翻譯就更不好說(shuō)。往好里說(shuō)吧，人家會(huì)說(shuō)你老王頭賣瓜自賣自夸，不懂謙虛是美德；往糟里說(shuō)吧，自己又不甘心，也未必公平?？傊笥覟殡y。但如果不說(shuō)自己，泛泛而論，其實(shí)又十分好說(shuō)。比如董橋。最近偶然翻閱他的一本名叫《鄉(xiāng)愁的理念》的小書(shū)，里面談到翻譯，談得極俏皮：“下等譯匠是‘人在屋檐下，不得不低頭’，給原文壓得扁扁的，只好忍氣吞聲；高等譯手是‘月上柳梢頭，人約黃昏后’，跟原文平起平坐，談情說(shuō)愛(ài)，毫無(wú)顧忌。”還有一段說(shuō)得頗有情色之嫌，我都不好意思引用，他是這么說(shuō)的：“好的翻譯，是男歡女愛(ài)，如魚(yú)得水，一拍即合。讀起來(lái)像中文，像人話，順極了。壞的翻譯，是同床異夢(mèng)，人家無(wú)動(dòng)于衷，自己欲罷不能，最后只好‘進(jìn)行強(qiáng)奸’……讀起來(lái)像鬼話，既褻瀆了外文也褻瀆了中文。”文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期西方意大利也有異曲同工的說(shuō)法：“翻譯如女人，漂亮的不貞潔，貞潔的不漂亮。”言外之意，理想的翻譯就是要既貞潔又漂亮。以上面董橋的話說(shuō)，就是要跟原文談情說(shuō)愛(ài)平起平坐，進(jìn)而男歡女愛(ài)如魚(yú)得水。如果換成錢鍾書(shū)，只一個(gè)字：化！他說(shuō)：“文學(xué)翻譯的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是‘化’。”古今中外，關(guān)于翻譯的言說(shuō)不可謂不多，但相比之下，我還是最欣賞錢老先生這個(gè)“化”字。即使嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信達(dá)雅”三個(gè)字，也可用此“化”字化而為一。而翻譯的所有問(wèn)題，依我愚見(jiàn)，也都出在這個(gè)“化”字上面。就是說(shuō)沒(méi)有“化”好——或“忍氣吞聲”，或“同床異夢(mèng)”，或貞潔與漂亮兩相叛離，非此即彼。

與此同時(shí)，關(guān)于翻譯的所有爭(zhēng)論也都幾乎離不開(kāi)這個(gè)“化”字。如貞潔與漂亮、意譯與直譯、神似與形似、歸化與異化、等值與超越、表層結(jié)構(gòu)與深層結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)體忠實(shí)與審美忠實(shí)等，不一而足。

“化”得最好的，英文漢譯我雖然不太熟悉，但至少王佐良先生譯的培根讀書(shū)名言算是其一：“讀書(shū)足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長(zhǎng)才。其怡情也，最見(jiàn)于獨(dú)處幽居之時(shí)；其傅彩也，最見(jiàn)于高談闊論之中；其長(zhǎng)才也，最見(jiàn)于處世判事之際。”英漢之間，妙而化之，天衣無(wú)縫。漢譯法國(guó)文學(xué)，翻譯家羅新璋先生最服傅雷。他舉傅譯《約翰·克里斯朵夫》開(kāi)頭一句為例：“Le grondement du fleuve monte derrière la maison”直譯為“大江的轟隆轟隆聲，從屋子后面升上來(lái)”，而傅雷譯成“江聲浩蕩，自屋后上升”，化人為己，水乳交融，斐然而成名譯。日本文學(xué)翻譯方面“化”得最好的，竊以為是豐子愷先生譯的《源氏物語(yǔ)》。鬼斧神工，出神入化，信手拈來(lái)，絕塵而去。讀之可知譯事之難，可嘆譯筆之工，可生敬畏之情。詞意或有不逮，理解或有偏差，但在整體審美傳達(dá)上迄今無(wú)人可比。不料日前看《書(shū)城》（2009年10月號(hào)余斌文《知堂“酷評(píng)”》），發(fā)現(xiàn)周作人對(duì)豐譯的評(píng)價(jià)極其尖刻，謂豐子愷譯文“喜用俗惡成語(yǔ)”、“只是很漂亮濫用成語(yǔ)，不顧與原文空氣相合與否……其實(shí)此譯根本不可用”，還說(shuō)“豐氏源氏譯稿，是茶店說(shuō)書(shū)，似尚不明白源氏是什么書(shū)也”。一句話，只漂亮不貞潔，“俗惡”！那么他本人譯得就既漂亮又貞潔了么？未必。貞潔或許貞潔，可惜貞潔得近乎“澀”，整體審美效果明顯在豐譯之下。說(shuō)句不恭的話吧，周作人的夫人是日本人，按理，他搞翻譯應(yīng)該“如魚(yú)得水”才是，可他卻好像“給原文壓得扁扁的”，大氣不敢出。這固然同他創(chuàng)作中標(biāo)舉的“簡(jiǎn)單味”、“澀味”之文章境界有關(guān)，但同時(shí)也和他采取的異化這一翻譯策略有關(guān)，用當(dāng)下較為流行的說(shuō)法，就是“去中國(guó)化”，即主要對(duì)日文原著負(fù)責(zé)。而他之所以酷評(píng)豐譯為“俗惡”，自是因?yàn)?/span>——在他看來(lái)——豐譯的“去日本化”。

上面所以說(shuō)這許多，也是因?yàn)橥业姆g理念和翻譯策略有關(guān)。我的翻譯理念——如果說(shuō)我有這勞什子的話——主要是對(duì)中國(guó)、中國(guó)讀者負(fù)責(zé)，即要首先確認(rèn)自己的翻譯能給中國(guó)讀者、中國(guó)文化以至中國(guó)社會(huì)帶來(lái)什么。借用周作人的兄長(zhǎng)魯迅的話，就是要看自己是像普羅米修斯那樣為中國(guó)竊得火種，還是別的什么。這樣，所采取的翻譯策略，勢(shì)必與周作人相反，即要盡可能消除“澀味”，也就是消除日譯漢特有的翻譯腔（“和臭”）。在這個(gè)意義上，說(shuō)是“去日本化”也未嘗不可。換言之，就是想方設(shè)法琢磨找一個(gè)既貞潔又漂亮的“女人”。這也是天底下所有男人，尤其男翻譯家一生的夢(mèng)想。那么，之于我的既貞潔又漂亮的“女人”到底找到了沒(méi)有呢？我以為大體找到了，至少在貞潔與漂亮之間找到了一個(gè)接合點(diǎn)。我一再主張的“審美忠實(shí)”也就是這個(gè)意思。我以為，就文學(xué)翻譯而言，最重要的就是審美忠實(shí)。

說(shuō)到這里，請(qǐng)容我說(shuō)一下我的翻譯觀，即我所大體認(rèn)同的關(guān)于翻譯的言說(shuō)或觀點(diǎn)，當(dāng)然也多少包括我個(gè)人的體悟。我傾向于認(rèn)為，文學(xué)翻譯必須是文學(xué)——翻譯文學(xué)。大凡文學(xué)都是藝術(shù)——語(yǔ)言藝術(shù)。大凡藝術(shù)都需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性，因此文學(xué)翻譯也需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性。但文學(xué)翻譯畢竟是翻譯而非原創(chuàng)，因此準(zhǔn)確說(shuō)來(lái)，文學(xué)翻譯屬于再創(chuàng)造的藝術(shù)。以嚴(yán)復(fù)的“信達(dá)雅”言之：“信”，側(cè)重于內(nèi)容（內(nèi)容忠實(shí)）；“達(dá)”，側(cè)重于行文（行文忠實(shí)）；“雅”，側(cè)重于藝術(shù)境界（藝術(shù)忠實(shí)）。“信、達(dá)”需要知性判斷，“雅”則更需要審美判斷。審美判斷要求譯者具有藝術(shù)悟性、文學(xué)悟性。但不可否認(rèn)，事實(shí)上并非每個(gè)譯者都具有相應(yīng)的悟性。與此相關(guān)，翻譯或可大體分為三種：工匠型翻譯、學(xué)者型翻譯、才子型翻譯。工匠型亦步亦趨，貌似“忠實(shí)”；學(xué)者型中規(guī)中矩，刻意求工；才子型惟妙惟肖，意在傳神。學(xué)者型如朱光潛、季羨林，才子型如豐子愷、王道乾，二者兼具型如傅雷、梁實(shí)秋。至于工匠型翻譯，當(dāng)下比比皆是，不勝枚舉，也不敢舉。嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái)，那已不是文學(xué)翻譯，更不是翻譯文學(xué)。翻譯匠和翻譯家的區(qū)別在于，前者傳達(dá)語(yǔ)法、意思和故事，后者再現(xiàn)表情、感動(dòng)或?qū)徝烙鋹?。在這個(gè)意義上，我認(rèn)為文學(xué)翻譯最重要的就是審美忠實(shí)。就文學(xué)翻譯中形式（語(yǔ)言表象）層、風(fēng)格（文體）層和審美（品格）層這三個(gè)層面來(lái)說(shuō)，最重要的就是審美層。即使“叛逆”，也要形式層的叛逆服從風(fēng)格層，風(fēng)格層的叛逆服從審美層，而審美層是不可叛逆的文學(xué)翻譯之重?！哆_(dá)·芬奇密碼》的譯者朱振武教授最近在《外國(guó)文藝》2011年第6期也發(fā)表文章，一再?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)審美的重要：“文學(xué)翻譯是藝術(shù)化的翻譯，是譯者對(duì)原作思想內(nèi)容與藝術(shù)風(fēng)格的審美把握。……文學(xué)翻譯不是詞句的形式對(duì)應(yīng)，而是語(yǔ)言信息與美感信息的整體吸納與再造。”

不無(wú)遺憾的是，審美視角的闕如正是目前文學(xué)翻譯實(shí)踐、文學(xué)翻譯批評(píng)的盲點(diǎn)所在。竊以為，隨著國(guó)際交流的頻繁和懂外語(yǔ)人數(shù)的迅速增加，當(dāng)下外國(guó)文學(xué)作品翻譯的主要問(wèn)題，較之準(zhǔn)確性，恐怕更在于文學(xué)審美的缺位，以致“讀起來(lái)味同嚼蠟，給讀者充分的機(jī)會(huì)去體驗(yàn)閱讀的艱辛，而不是享受閱讀的愉悅”（虞建華語(yǔ)，見(jiàn)《外國(guó)文藝》2010年第4期）。于是人們不禁要問(wèn)，原作本身是否味同嚼蠟？如果不是，那么譯者標(biāo)榜的忠實(shí)或準(zhǔn)確性又體現(xiàn)在哪里呢？事情十分清楚，那才是致命的不忠實(shí)、不準(zhǔn)確，縱然語(yǔ)法、詞匯、句式等形式層面貼得很緊甚至無(wú)懈可擊。換言之，無(wú)論有多少理由，翻譯文學(xué)作品都不該譯丟審美、審美忠實(shí)。如果丟掉審美忠實(shí)，其他所有“忠實(shí)”都不過(guò)是“愚忠”（朱振武語(yǔ)）罷了。而“愚忠”，換個(gè)說(shuō)法，無(wú)非是“只貞潔不漂亮”，那也是任何有美學(xué)追求的人所不喜歡的。

說(shuō)完了觀點(diǎn)，再說(shuō)下考研英語(yǔ)的技巧語(yǔ)法：

 1. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have  and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎Ub662NeiIs

譯文：那種性別比例能在最大程度上增加一個(gè)個(gè)體所能擁有的后代數(shù)量，并因此能在最大程度上增加所傳遞到后代身上去的基因復(fù)制品的數(shù)量。

難句類型：倒裝、省略

a本句的正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)當(dāng)是：That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendnts an individuall will ◎have and hence the number of gene copies transmited will be favored.但是因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)That sex ratio之后的以which引導(dǎo)的修飾它的定語(yǔ)從句，如果按照以上語(yǔ)序，則有頭重腳輕之感。所以原文將此長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的從句倒裝成謂語(yǔ)will be favored之后。

b在which引導(dǎo)的從句中，有兩處省略：第一處在maximize的第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)the number of descendants that an individuall will have中， an individuall will have是修飾descendants的定語(yǔ)從句，但是，因?yàn)?/span>descendants在從句中作have的賓語(yǔ)，所以引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。第二處省略是在第二個(gè)the number of 之前，省略了與前面一樣的成分that sex ratio which maximizes. And hence在此表示后面的成分作為前面“最大化一個(gè)個(gè)體的后代的數(shù)目的”結(jié)果。

意群訓(xùn)練：That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual ◎will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎

2. （This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the ◎大desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely ◎大寶the structure and texture of a flower .

(5++)復(fù)雜+倒裝+省略;

（這是一種）照亮現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，此欲望從來(lái)就不會(huì)唐突的取代后面的那種欲望，后者是我們可以將其部分的理解為一個(gè)兼任小說(shuō)加和科學(xué)家的人想要去準(zhǔn)確并具體的記錄下一朵花的結(jié)構(gòu)和文理的那種意義上的欲望。

解釋：本句子的難度在一切GRE、GMAT包括LSAT考試中所出現(xiàn)的難句中堪稱登峰造極，可以確定地講，類似此句子的難度的語(yǔ)言，在計(jì)算機(jī)考試的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)絕無(wú)可能出現(xiàn)。如果對(duì)此句話不感興趣，可以把其廢掉不讀。

A、 這句話讀起來(lái)別扭的第一個(gè)原因，是因?yàn)樗揪筒皇且粋€(gè)句子。句首省略了this is 。這種用一個(gè)詞代替一個(gè)句子的方式如果在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中出現(xiàn)，只能出現(xiàn)在高級(jí)英語(yǔ)中，因此我們以前的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中從未遇到過(guò)。其形式類似于我們中文的“精彩”是“這句話真是精彩”的省略形式。

B、 desire后跟著兩個(gè)大的修飾成分，一個(gè)是to throw over reality a light，其中的a light 是被倒裝到了over reality之后，正常應(yīng)是throw a light over reality.不過(guò)這個(gè)便裝部分與throw距離不遠(yuǎn)，讀者看得還算懂。關(guān)鍵是第二個(gè)修飾成分。注意：從that開(kāi)始直到句尾結(jié)束的長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)從句不是修飾其前的light的，而是修飾一開(kāi)始的desire的。

C、 第二個(gè)修飾成分中又來(lái)了一個(gè)倒裝，由于作者為了強(qiáng)調(diào)never,所以將其提前，引發(fā)了定語(yǔ)從句中的倒裝：正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是that might never be given away，倒裝后系動(dòng)詞was被提前，given因?yàn)樵谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞might之后所以變成了原型give。A give way to B，是A讓位于B，而A be given way to B，　則是A取代B。on the part of 之后的部

分修飾后面的desire，what引導(dǎo)的從句現(xiàn)場(chǎng)閱讀時(shí)可以看成一個(gè)名詞。What從句中的不定式to recored exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower中又有一個(gè)避免頭重腳輕的倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是to recored the structure and texture of a flower exactly and concretely。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒D、 就算能夠看懂這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)，可能仍然理解不了意思。本句的意思是，哈代(注：人名老的沖動(dòng)是一種簡(jiǎn)單的、說(shuō)明現(xiàn)實(shí)的欲望，新沖動(dòng)是一種即是小說(shuō)家又像科學(xué)家的仔細(xì)研究一個(gè)東西的特點(diǎn)那樣的欲望（新沖動(dòng)），前一種欲望是永遠(yuǎn)也不能取代后者的。

意群訓(xùn)練：（This is ）A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly ◎大to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and ◎大寶考研concretely the structure and texture of a flower .

3. Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these ◎大divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. ◎（3）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞

譯文：哈代的缺陷一方面緣起于他的某種明顯的無(wú)能，無(wú)法控制好那結(jié)不盡相同的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)的穿梭往來(lái)；另一方面緣起于他不愿意去培養(yǎng)和維持那些富于生機(jī)活力和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性強(qiáng)的創(chuàng)作沖動(dòng)。

解釋：介詞from的賓語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)并列的部分，由and所連接，在and之后的第二個(gè)from前，省略了前面一樣的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞derive。本句之所以難，有兩個(gè)原因，一是derived from 后面的成分太長(zhǎng)，初學(xué)者難以一下子看下來(lái)；二是作為一◎篇文科文章，用詞抽象，難以迅速理解。

意群訓(xùn)練：Hardy's weakenss derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of ◎these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energyetic and risky ◎ones.

4. Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

（5）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略、抽象詞

譯文：弗吉尼亞.伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）在創(chuàng)作《黛洛維夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）時(shí)有關(guān)其創(chuàng)作意圖的這番發(fā)人深思的陳述，迄今為止一貫為文學(xué)評(píng)論家們所忽略，因?yàn)樗怀龇从沉怂T多文學(xué)興趣中某一方面，而這一方面則與人們對(duì)“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家（poetic novelist）所形成的傳統(tǒng)見(jiàn)解大相徑庭。所謂的“詩(shī)性”小說(shuō)家，所關(guān)注的是審視想入非非和白日夢(mèng)幻的諸般狀態(tài)，并致力于追尋個(gè)體意識(shí)的通幽曲徑。

解釋：本句逗號(hào)以前只有復(fù)雜修飾的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)有些難，但總的來(lái)講比較好懂，since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句較難。 A、 since之后的it指前面的statement，highlight的賓語(yǔ)an aspect之后有兩個(gè)修飾成分，一個(gè)是of her literary interests，　另一個(gè)是以that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句that is very different from the traditional picture of the poetic novelist，都是修飾an aspect的。Novelist后面又有由and 連接的兩個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)concerned with doing 修飾novelist.

B、 句中有兩處省略，一是在her literary interests that is very different from當(dāng)中，修飾interests的定語(yǔ)從句中引導(dǎo)詞＋be that is 一起省略了。第二處在and之后，由于concerned with與前面的concerned with重復(fù)，所以concerned被省略。

C、 本句另外一個(gè)難懂的地方，就是使用了大量的抽象詞。這是文學(xué)市評(píng)論題材的文章的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。 ◎大Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly ◎大寶been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different ◎大寶from the traditional picture of the "poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie ◎大寶and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.

5. As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or ◎大one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we ◎are absorbing morality at every pore .”

（5-）抽象詞、抽象詞組、比喻 就像她在《致普通讀者》一書(shū)中所表達(dá)的那樣，“盡管可以毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的說(shuō)，沒(méi)有任何法律被指定出來(lái)，也沒(méi)有任何高樓大廈被建立起來(lái)是因?yàn)閱疼耪f(shuō)了什么或者寫(xiě)了什么；然而，當(dāng)我們讀它的書(shū)的時(shí)候，我們身上每一個(gè)毛孔都充滿了道德”

這句話不但用了詞抽象，還用了比喻的修辭手法。是指沒(méi)有因?yàn)閱疼诺难哉摱a(chǎn)生任何實(shí)際的行為規(guī)則或政治機(jī)構(gòu)，但我們受其影響之深，以及其影響力之大。

As she put it in The Common Reader , “It is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one ◎stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote ; and yet , as we read him , we are absorbing morality at every pore .”◎

6. With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids , leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

（4+）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、專有名詞

譯文：隨著爆發(fā)出來(lái)的運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)束，再體液中乳酸含量會(huì)變得很高，使得大型動(dòng)物處于容易受到攻擊的狀態(tài)，直到乳酸通過(guò)有氧新陳代謝，被肝臟轉(zhuǎn)化成（convert into）葡萄糖，而葡萄糖接下來(lái)又會(huì)（部分）傳送回肌肉中重新合成糖原 。

解釋：本句中修飾成分極多，以分詞修飾和介詞結(jié)構(gòu)修飾為主，作各種類型的狀語(yǔ)。前面的狀語(yǔ)和主句還好理解，從leaving開(kāi)始句子變難；leaving引導(dǎo)的直到句末的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)做整個(gè)句子的狀語(yǔ)；分詞中又包含了三個(gè)狀語(yǔ)，其中的兩個(gè)via oxidative metabolism by the liver又起到了插入語(yǔ)的作用，把be converted into拆成兩段。本句的另外一個(gè)特征是其中充斥著專有名詞。其中的body fluids, oxidative和resynthesis通過(guò)字面的意思或者根據(jù)詞頭、詞根我們還是應(yīng)該猜出其意思的，lactic acid, metabolism和muscle這三個(gè)詞在生物類文章中極其常用，大家應(yīng)該背下來(lái)；而glycogen這種東西則沒(méi)辦法，只能作一個(gè)首字母提煉。但是請(qǐng)記住，GRE和GMAT文章中只要出現(xiàn)◎了這種專有名詞，出題者是一定會(huì)在文章中把它在文章中所乃至的詞義解釋清楚的，所以讀者遇到文章中做了解釋的專有名詞，應(yīng)該力求把解釋看懂。意群訓(xùn)練：With the conclusion of a burst activity , the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted , via oxidative metabolism , by the liver into glucose , which is then sent (in part )back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis .

7. Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the slaves’考研preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable ◎monogamy.

（3+）難句類型：插入語(yǔ)

譯文：雖然古特曼承認(rèn)，由于奴隸買賣而造成的被迫離散甚為頻繁，但他還是證明，奴隸的偏愛(ài)——在那些奴隸買賣并不頻繁的種植園上被最為顯著地揭示出來(lái)——在很大程度上側(cè)重于穩(wěn)定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。解釋：本句中插入語(yǔ)的使用revealed most clearly on plantations where sale wa infrequent, 后半個(gè)分句中的主語(yǔ)that slaves' preference與系動(dòng)詞was離得太遠(yuǎn)，造成閱讀的困難。

意群訓(xùn)練：Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he shows that the ◎slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much ◎for stable monogamy.

8. Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission ◎大of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression ◎大from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their ◎大寶考African and American experiences.

（4）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

譯文：古特曼人令人信服地論辨道，黑人家庭的穩(wěn)定有助于包括民間傳說(shuō)、音樂(lè)、及宗教表達(dá)在內(nèi)的黑人文化遺產(chǎn)一代一代傳遞下去，因而在維持文化遺產(chǎn)方面也起著至關(guān)重要的作用，而對(duì)于這種文化遺產(chǎn)，黑奴們不斷地從其非洲和美洲的經(jīng)歷中予以豐富發(fā)展。

解釋：由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中，encouraged的賓語(yǔ)the transmission of the Black heritage被同時(shí)表示并列和轉(zhuǎn)折的and so 分開(kāi)，給讀者造成了閱讀上和理解上的困難。最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后面的部分是修飾前面的black heritage的同位語(yǔ)。

意群訓(xùn)練：Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the ◎大寶考transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious ◎大expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of ◎their African and American experiences. 9. This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

（3+）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)

譯文：古特曼表示，這種對(duì)于外部通婚的偏愛(ài)很有可能緣起于西部非洲制約著婚姻的規(guī)定，盡管這些規(guī)定在一個(gè)和另一個(gè)部落群體之間不盡相同，但都涉及到某種對(duì)近親聯(lián)姻（union with close kin）的禁止。 ◎解釋：本句有兩個(gè)插入語(yǔ)，第一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)Gutman suggests割裂了主句的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)。West African rules后跟著兩個(gè)修飾成分，第一個(gè)是分詞修飾(governing marriage), 第二個(gè)是以which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，從句中出現(xiàn)了第二個(gè)插入語(yǔ)though they differed from one tribal group to another，又割裂了從句引導(dǎo)詞與謂語(yǔ)之間的聯(lián)系。

意群訓(xùn)練：This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some ◎kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.

10. His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

（4+）難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞

譯文：該社會(huì)學(xué)家的命題當(dāng)被應(yīng)用于針對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的歧視時(shí)，相對(duì)而言尚能適用，但他對(duì)種族偏見(jiàn)所下的定義——◎即“以種族為基礎(chǔ)的、針對(duì)某個(gè)群體的消級(jí)的先入之見(jiàn)，而該群體在任何特定的種族競(jìng)爭(zhēng)地區(qū)則被普遍認(rèn)作一種族”——可被理解成同樣也襄括了針對(duì)加利福尼亞州的中國(guó)人以及中世紀(jì)的猶太人這樣一些種族群體的敵視態(tài)度。解釋：本句長(zhǎng)度驚人，插入部分比較長(zhǎng)，再加上不乏抽象詞，所以較為難懂，在表示轉(zhuǎn)折的后半個(gè)分鐘中，長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)as raciallybased negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of thnic competition作為主語(yǔ)his definition of racial prejudice的同位語(yǔ)，使分句中的主謂相隔千山萬(wàn)水。除此之外，本句用詞抽象，語(yǔ)義難以理解，對(duì)讀者的詞匯功底要求較高。考試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)如無(wú)法讀懂，宜用合理化原則中的取非讀法，but之前的分句說(shuō)的是其論點(diǎn)對(duì)美國(guó)黑人的種族歧視是較為管用，轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容就應(yīng)該說(shuō)其理論對(duì)華人和猶太人相對(duì)無(wú)用。

意群訓(xùn)練：His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕

11. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitation threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.

（5）難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾

譯文：類似于這些已經(jīng)被在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中證明的在大小、形狀、化學(xué)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)生的速度、興奮閾值及其類似的方面上所發(fā)生變化，當(dāng)他們被用來(lái)與大腦的體驗(yàn)以可能的方式聯(lián)系起來(lái)的時(shí)候，他們?cè)谥匾陨先匀皇俏⒉蛔愕赖?。解釋：即使是初練難免的人其實(shí)也很熟悉such thing as something這樣的語(yǔ)言方式，可是當(dāng)中間的小東西thing居然變成了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)十二個(gè)單詞的大東西的時(shí)候，實(shí)在令人搞不清后面的as及其后的something 到底為哪方神圣。再加上以such as 為中心的長(zhǎng)主語(yǔ)距離系動(dòng)詞remain太遠(yuǎn)，更增加了本句的難度。請(qǐng)讀者反復(fù)閱讀，直到讀出這樣的感覺(jué)：順序閱讀原文時(shí)，原文似乎就是幾大塊，就好像是such things as a remain negligible in a certain sense.

意群訓(xùn)練：Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been deomnstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifld dimensions of mental experience. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎r1jDZIQLdU
12. It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types ; however , proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences , which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits .(5) 有可能通過(guò)其他方法來(lái)證明神經(jīng)元種類間的細(xì)微的結(jié)構(gòu)差異；可是，這樣的證據(jù)是缺乏的，即神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)的性質(zhì)或者狀態(tài)是受這些差異所影響的，而這些差異看起來(lái)卻能影響神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的發(fā)育模式。

難免類型：復(fù)雜修飾、倒裝 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎pURxtNfCCe
解釋：與很多人的印象相反，lack從來(lái)就不能作形容詞，它只有動(dòng)詞或名詞的詞性。其形容詞的形式是lacking,意思是缺乏的、不足的。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎hVYT7RhFxU
本句的在however 之前和之后的兩個(gè)分句，是兩個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，前一個(gè)是小倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序是：to demonstrate refined structural differences among neuron types by other methods: however后面是個(gè)大倒裝，lacking之后的that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)人名是修飾主語(yǔ)proof的，但是因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)，所以為了避免頭重腳輕，被放到lacking之后，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是proof that the quality of ..was lacking ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎XAdOUyd1Bd
意群訓(xùn)練：It was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎dULqXcbe39
13. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，namely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throughout the nervous system. （4） 盡管在神經(jīng)能量上存在著質(zhì)的不同，這一點(diǎn)從來(lái)都沒(méi)有在嚴(yán)格的意義上被反對(duì)過(guò)，但是以上教條通常被拋棄掉，而轉(zhuǎn)向相反的觀點(diǎn)，即：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)從根本上本質(zhì)相同，而且被當(dāng)作“一種普通流”在整個(gè)神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中傳播。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎gi7NTVPlvg
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、雙重否定 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎D1Fci019th
解釋：前半個(gè)分句中有一個(gè)雙重否定，was never rigidly disproved,這種表示法用中文說(shuō)出來(lái)還是比較好懂的，原因是我們熟悉中文的這種表示法，但在英文中出現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樵谝郧暗膶W(xué)習(xí)中見(jiàn)得少，所以感覺(jué)上很別扭。因此，同學(xué)們的任務(wù)，就是通過(guò)反復(fù)閱讀此類句子來(lái)熟悉這樣的英語(yǔ)。其實(shí)在英文表達(dá)中，很多雙重否定與中文表達(dá)是一樣的，表示肯定；如not unlimited就等于limited。但是值得讀者注意的是在GRE和GMAT這兩種對(duì)考生的邏輯有苛刻要求的考試中，如果這種雙重否定中所涉及的概念不是dichotomous(即二分法的詞匯，比如上面例子中的limited和unlimited)，則雙重否定不一定表示肯定；比如本例中的not disprove, 不能理解為agree， 不反對(duì)者中，的確有人會(huì)同意，但通常心存疑慮，隨大流者居多。不但如此，大雙重否定中加上限定詞以后，在否定的范圍上也有所變化，如本句的be never rigidly disproved，沒(méi)有完全被反對(duì)，不能理解為從來(lái)都被嚴(yán)格支持的，而應(yīng)該理解成從來(lái)都可能有人支持的。綜上所述，對(duì)雙重否定的句子，簡(jiǎn)單的把其置換為肯定，不是最精確的理解。而最好的辦法，就是通過(guò)多讀、多練來(lái)熟悉其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)及其邏輯方式，按照其字面的表達(dá)理解成沒(méi)有完全否定，然后大腦中反應(yīng)出其目前的生存狀態(tài)是一個(gè)仍未消失的狀態(tài)；這種理解才是在考試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)既快速又精確的理解。 ◎運(yùn)用前面所說(shuō)的用合理化原則中的取非讀法，可以很容易的讀出作者在后半個(gè)分句中想說(shuō)前面的那種觀點(diǎn)被反對(duì)了。但是，初學(xué)者會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)分句中的something be abandoned in favor of something else這種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)感到突然，如果理解成因?yàn)橄埠笳叨鴴仐壛饲罢撸m然也能說(shuō)得通，但是其實(shí)原文從來(lái)沒(méi)有這種因果關(guān)系，in favor of強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這兩種動(dòng)作的同時(shí)性；拋棄了前者，而轉(zhuǎn)向后者，namely之后的內(nèi)容是前面的opposing view的同位語(yǔ)。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎yghvCiYjF8
意群訓(xùn)練：Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generallyabandoned in favor of the oppsing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as "common currency" throught the nervous system ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎4p6kyNIBg8
14. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and interconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psycho neural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. （4 -） 盡管其他實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、數(shù)量、排列和相互連接上有一些小的差異，但是就心理-神經(jīng)的關(guān)系而言，這些感官區(qū)域彼此之間的明顯的相似性看起來(lái)比起微小的差異更為令人注目。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎hXx6S0UUNr
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ) ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎2243NwHmFh
解釋：在前后兩個(gè)分句之間有一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned。在后面的分句中，主語(yǔ)the obvious similarities之后的、修飾主語(yǔ)的成分較長(zhǎng)、以至于有很多讀者看到相隔很遠(yuǎn)的more remarkable than時(shí)一下子反應(yīng)不過(guò)來(lái)是什么比后者更明顯。其簡(jiǎn)化形式應(yīng)為：similarities seemed more remarkable than differences。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)意群訓(xùn)練：Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fileds to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎DtXiBvRNuU
15. Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. （4+） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎雖然某些實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，隨著一個(gè)物體變得熟悉起來(lái)，其內(nèi)心再現(xiàn)圖像亦更具整體感，辨認(rèn)過(guò)程相應(yīng)地更趨于平行，但證據(jù)的砝碼似乎在支持序列假設(shè)（serial hypothesis），至少是對(duì)于那些不甚簡(jiǎn)單、不甚熟悉的物體來(lái)說(shuō)。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎h8k1IqX2kh
解釋：在Although引導(dǎo)的分句中，謂語(yǔ)shows后面跟著一個(gè)長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的賓語(yǔ)從句，從句中先出現(xiàn)一個(gè)插入語(yǔ)as an object becomes familiar,之后的內(nèi)容是由and 連接的兩套并列的主謂賓。其實(shí)and前后就是兩個(gè)句子，只不過(guò)作者省略了后面的句子中與前面相同的引導(dǎo)詞that和謂語(yǔ)become。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎YSt0QOSd7D
句子中有一個(gè)生詞holistic，其實(shí)即使不認(rèn)識(shí)，也能用合理化原則猜出它是后面serial的反義詞、parallel的同義詞，大約是統(tǒng)一、完整或同時(shí)的意思；其實(shí)只要能理解到其是與serial相反的意思即可。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎56ZWWLStGJ
意群訓(xùn)練：Although some experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎16. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods. （3+） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎在很大程度上，由于女權(quán)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)（feminist movement）的緣故，史學(xué)家近年來(lái)匯聚了大量的注意力，來(lái)更為準(zhǔn)確地確定婦女在各個(gè)歷史時(shí)期的地位。 Focus A on B; ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎zzGRqmFgVI
難句類型：倒裝 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎WjGX4V2oGl
解釋：focus A on B指把A集中于B，本句中介詞on的賓語(yǔ)determining/more accurately the status of women invarious periods中有一個(gè)小倒裝，正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該是determining the status of women in various periods more accurately。 ◎大寶意群訓(xùn)練：In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.

17. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons , it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact –real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society . (4) 如果我們先研究一下為什么古人會(huì)提到亞馬遜人，下面的一點(diǎn)就變得清晰了，那就是古希臘對(duì)于這種社會(huì)的廟睡不是太多的被用來(lái)表達(dá)觀察的歷史事實(shí)——真正的亞麻遜社會(huì)的——而是為了對(duì)于婦女在其社會(huì)中的統(tǒng)治的預(yù)期后果提供一種“道德教導(dǎo)”。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、抽象詞 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎B8VJ28pkWw
解釋：有兩個(gè)詞匯需要先解釋一下：something be meant to represent是use something to mean的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。mean在這里不是常用的"……的意思是"的意思，而是表示做某事所表達(dá)的目的、意圖，其英文釋義為：to serve or intend to convey, show, or indicate。句中的結(jié)構(gòu)為：something be meant not so much to,,, but rather to, 實(shí)際上是把be meant to和not rather 的兩個(gè)固定搭配套在一起，意思是：不是為了...而是為了... ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎QY8nJchOa1
另外，suppose的意思很抽象，不容易理解。此詞既有據(jù)信、被認(rèn)為的意思，也有預(yù)期的意思，還有表示貶義的假想的被想當(dāng)然的意思。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎MYCzUpN5xw
本句的supposed用法極其特殊，在此處的意思，用以上任何一個(gè)釋義來(lái)理解居然都可以成立，既是在說(shuō)一個(gè)預(yù)期的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，又是在說(shuō)一個(gè)虛構(gòu)出來(lái)的、本來(lái)不存在的社會(huì)狀態(tài)，其用法類似于中文中的一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)，是文章作者自以為文筆精妙之處。意群訓(xùn)練：If one begins by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact- real Amazonian societies- but rather to offer"moral lessons" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own society. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎18. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effects；and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. （5） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎YfSqJbIk0l
因此，舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)家而言，了解到下述情形可能會(huì)令其驚愕不已，即薛定諤（Schrodinger）的氫原子方程式并非是對(duì)該原子作出的一種絕然正確的描述，而僅僅是個(gè)近似值，趨近于一個(gè)在某種程度上更為正確的將自旋、磁性偶極子、以及相對(duì)論效應(yīng)考慮在內(nèi)的方程式；而這個(gè)得以糾正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一個(gè)不完美的近似值，趨近于無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的一整套量子場(chǎng)論方程式。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎94d526GR00
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎2Fe0kU2inc
解釋：讀到此句時(shí)，數(shù)學(xué)家不見(jiàn)得震驚，暈倒的考生恐怕不在少數(shù)。不但句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而且羅列了大量的專有名詞。對(duì)于不是理科的同學(xué)來(lái)講，在閱讀這篇文章的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)清楚地明白應(yīng)該讀到什么程度遠(yuǎn)比研究這些生僻的專有名詞更重要。其實(shí)是否知道薛定鄂方程對(duì)讀者來(lái)說(shuō)并不見(jiàn)得重要，GRE考試的出題者也不見(jiàn)得知道它；關(guān)鍵是要讀懂句子的主要意思；數(shù)學(xué)家不能理解不精確和近似值的偉大意義。不過(guò)在本書(shū)中，出現(xiàn)的句子均以閱讀訓(xùn)練為目的，所以讀者仍要把句子的結(jié)構(gòu)讀清楚。主句中的主語(yǔ)it是一個(gè)開(kāi)工主語(yǔ)，其具體的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是從to learn開(kāi)始一直到句子結(jié)束的長(zhǎng)達(dá)八行的不定式，但是此不定式實(shí)在太長(zhǎng)，如果放在句首則句子無(wú)法平衡。Learn后面帶著兩個(gè)以that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，中間以分號(hào)和and分開(kāi)，可以把分號(hào)以后的句子看成是and it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that的省略形式。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，意群訓(xùn)練：Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematiians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎◎大19. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. （5+） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒物理學(xué)家恐懼于那些精確無(wú)誤的論據(jù)不無(wú)道理，因?yàn)槟撤N只有在它是精確無(wú)誤的條件下才令人置信的論據(jù)，一旦它賴于建立其上的假設(shè)稍有變化，便會(huì)失去它一部的作用；而與此相反，一個(gè)盡管并不精確無(wú)誤但卻令人置信的論據(jù)，在其基本假設(shè)（underlying assumption）稍微受干擾的情況下，仍然有可能是站得住腳的。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎DCSbVASOM6
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎tBCDsn0sfD
解釋：本句在文章中就是一個(gè)自然段，雖然長(zhǎng)度比不上前面第一章中所舉的那個(gè)長(zhǎng)達(dá)10行的例子，但是難度絕不在那句話之下。本句堪稱句子的大雜燴，連主句帶從句居然一共有八個(gè)。從大往小說(shuō)，由whereas連接了兩個(gè)大句子，whereas后面的句子中的主語(yǔ)an augument之后又跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that is convincing though imprecise， 修飾augument。whereas前面共有六個(gè)句子，由the physicist作主語(yǔ)的主句；由since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句，修飾since從句中主語(yǔ)an augument的由that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，此定語(yǔ)從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)從句only if it is precise; since從句中的條件狀語(yǔ)從句if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed,以及修飾此從句中的主語(yǔ)assumptions的定語(yǔ)從句on which it is based一共八個(gè)句子，從句套從句，實(shí)在令人嘆為觀止。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎oX05fTnVQW
然而，在考試現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去數(shù)句子的數(shù)目，是只有呆子才會(huì)干的事，讀者們惟一要干的事就是反復(fù)閱讀這句話，什么時(shí)候練到不必去想其語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)就能按原文順序讀懂，才算初步掌握；再進(jìn)一步把它讀順，直到你看不出這個(gè)句子有什么特別的地方，看上去還挺舒服就算訓(xùn)練成功。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎nLIox5d8ie
意群訓(xùn)練：The physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumptions. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎20. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon. （4-） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎PLjvzD9oX4
起初，藍(lán)襪女們確實(shí)模仿了法國(guó)沙龍女主人，將男性襄括到其小圈子中來(lái)。然則，隨著她們獲得的凝聚力，她們漸趨將自己視作一女性團(tuán)體，并擁有了一種婦女團(tuán)結(jié)意識(shí)，而這種意識(shí)在法國(guó)沙龍女主人身上則蕩然無(wú)存，因?yàn)樗齻兠總€(gè)人在其自己的沙龍中自視甚高而彼此孤立隔絕開(kāi)來(lái)。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎IrMESs0WVk
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎bLus3ksNzw
解釋：本句讀到表示并列的連詞and開(kāi)始變難。and之后的不定式與前面的不定式是并列的，to的前面省略了一個(gè)與前面一樣的謂語(yǔ)came。 lacking之后的分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾a sense of female solidarity其后的由who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句又修飾逗號(hào)前面的salonnieres此從句中又有一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that each salonniere held in her own salon修飾其前的primacy,但是由于引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，因此被省略。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎4h33S3750P
意群訓(xùn)練：However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestocking came to regard themselves as a women's group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.◎

21. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to constitute such an immense gulf between them. （5） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎KLI7gGFB50
隨著我的研究不斷深入，我對(duì)昆蟲(chóng)和脊椎動(dòng)物群落之間的功能類似性印象愈來(lái)愈深刻，而對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異印象愈發(fā)淡漠，雖然這些結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異初看上去似乎構(gòu)成了二者間一條無(wú)法愈越的鴻溝。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎wlsQEjzzQo
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ)、省略 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎3dqADGIt9L
解釋：本句子的中間一段impressed with the functional similarites between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences容易令人看暈，其中的insect and vertebrate societies and less so with由兩個(gè)and連接了三個(gè)部分，然而它們其實(shí)不是同一層次的并列，第一個(gè)and實(shí)際上是between insect societies and vertebrate societies的一部分，是并列的，而and之后的less so with其實(shí)是對(duì)于一個(gè)完整的表達(dá)方式I have been increasingly less impressed with的省略形式，去掉了與前面重復(fù)的成分。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎VHPeePUqR2
后面修飾的structural differences的定語(yǔ)從句that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them中，又出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)別扭的插入語(yǔ)at first glance，把應(yīng)該連在一起的seem to 粗暴地分開(kāi)，令人不熟悉此類難句的人倍感不適。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎DmMgue3eCV
意群訓(xùn)練：As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constiture such an immense gulf between them. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎sxmbWJVAjF
22. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.（4） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎N4qQMHSGAQ
雖然小說(shuō)無(wú)疑起源于政治情狀，但其作者則是以非意識(shí)形態(tài)的方式對(duì)這些政治情狀作出反應(yīng)的，而將小說(shuō)和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來(lái)探討，會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說(shuō)事業(yè)。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎yi7glNQthJ
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎9tHcFtz7Up
解釋：本句從句子的結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)講，惟一的難度在于and之后的句子的主語(yǔ)talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments ofideology太長(zhǎng)，以至于看到謂語(yǔ)circumvent的時(shí)候已經(jīng)搞不清楚主謂了。更大的難度恐怕還在于對(duì)兩個(gè)詞匯的理解circumvent和enterprise。我們以前所背過(guò)的circumvent有兩個(gè)詞義，一個(gè)是規(guī)避，一是以計(jì)謀戰(zhàn)勝，但是這兩種意思放到此處都顯然不通；其實(shí)circumvent有一個(gè)我們沒(méi)有背過(guò)的最常用的意思是包圍、限制或陷害；至于enterprise常用的意思是企業(yè)，這里的指事業(yè)。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎jrTmd7d7nw
意群訓(xùn)練：Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎T8fdRSalTA
23. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic？ （3） ◎大寶這究竟是一種缺陷呢，還是這些作者想要按照一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系進(jìn)行創(chuàng)作，抑或是在試圖創(chuàng)立一種與眾不同的美學(xué)體系？ ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎XGtLtxvVkE
難句類型：插入語(yǔ) ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎Dypf7xi6a1
解釋：本句的句子既短，意思也不難理解，但插入語(yǔ)(or trying to forge)的干擾作用卻極強(qiáng)。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)意群訓(xùn)練：Is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic? ◎大寶考研24. In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism ; does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted , a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression ? （5） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎g6KjXBdJ35
不僅如此，有些黑人小說(shuō)（比如JT的甘蔗）的風(fēng)格接近與表現(xiàn)主義和超現(xiàn)實(shí)主義；這種技巧是否為流行的主題提供了一個(gè)和諧的對(duì)應(yīng)呢？這種主題刻畫(huà)了黑人注意與之相抗?fàn)幍拿\(yùn)，這是一個(gè)通常用更為自然主義的表現(xiàn)手法所表達(dá)的主題。 ◎難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、插入語(yǔ) ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎PiID5eDSiD
解釋：在本句中有三個(gè)詞需要先解釋一番：verge on這個(gè)詞組是接近于、瀕于的意思，hero在文學(xué)作品中是主人公的意思，pit作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，除了挖坑、窖藏之外，還有使競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、使斗爭(zhēng)的意思，其英文釋義為：to set as gamecocks into or as if into a pit to fight, to set into opposition or rivalry usually used with against.在此用的是后一種語(yǔ)義的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)fate againt which Black heros are pitted.如果用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則是：pit black heros againt fate。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎P15aWcSCQx
另外本句的結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，分號(hào)之后是一個(gè)一般疑問(wèn)句，但是由于修飾成分過(guò)多，過(guò)長(zhǎng)，使得讀者看不清楚這個(gè)句子在問(wèn)什么。其實(shí)如果沒(méi)有最后的那個(gè)prevalent theme的同位語(yǔ)a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression，本句會(huì)易懂得多。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎dDig4ZWhQB
意群訓(xùn)練：In addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toomer's Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism； does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression? ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎P7trarSL4R
25. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man. （4）注意：bring A to B ——〉bring to B A ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎YgukDP2GGe
《黑人小說(shuō)》考察了極為廣泛的一系列小說(shuō)，在此過(guò)程中讓我們注意到了某些引人入勝但卻鮮為人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韋爾登。約翰遜（James Weldon Johnson）的《一個(gè)曾經(jīng)是有色人的自傳》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。 ◎大寶難句類型：倒裝 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎8MnnWNS56J
解釋：在以bringing開(kāi)頭的作狀語(yǔ)的分詞中出現(xiàn)了倒裝，bring A to B被倒裝為bring to B A,其倒裝的原因仍是為了避免頭重腳輕，正常的語(yǔ)序應(yīng)該如下：bringing some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man to our attention in the process. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎AhgbrSLBhZ
意群訓(xùn)練：Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels， bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson's Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎26. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. (4) ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎雖然這些分子允許可見(jiàn)波長(zhǎng)（visible wavelength）的輻射——陽(yáng)光的絕大部分能量就匯集于此——不受阻擋地穿透，但它們卻會(huì)吸收某些較長(zhǎng)波長(zhǎng)（longer-wavelength），亦即從地球表面輻射出的紅外發(fā)射（infrared emission），這種輻射若不是二氧化碳的緣故就會(huì)被重新輸送回太空。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎7SpgfarEqi
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、抽象詞 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎aSgVa2bFNX
解釋：前面的分句中有一個(gè)不算很長(zhǎng)的插入語(yǔ)，但是因?yàn)樗迦氲奈恢谜迷诠潭ù钆?/span>allow something to do somthing中間，將allow和to分得很遠(yuǎn)，所以讀起來(lái)讓人感覺(jué)很不舒服。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎SnqlXVO6lc
后面的分句中的最后一行radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space是其前面的infrared emissions的同位語(yǔ)。其中的otherwise是副詞作狀語(yǔ)，表示如果后面的分句所說(shuō)的they absorb some of the longer-waverlength, infrared emissions不發(fā)生時(shí)的后果。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎zWVEoIX8qu
意群訓(xùn)練：Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated， to pass through， they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Earth's surface， radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space.◎大寶考研版

27. The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of feeling，thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture. （4） ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎dh2LuycAua
這些人類學(xué)家所歸諸于生物進(jìn)化的作用，不是規(guī)定人類行為的種種細(xì)節(jié)，而是將各種限制強(qiáng)加于人類——即在任何文化的典型情景中都會(huì)“自然表露”的情感、思維、以及行動(dòng)方式。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎ODOTJMtAKF
難句類型：復(fù)雜修飾、省略 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎LtGI0UxIVw
解釋：盡管我們很熟悉the role of something的這種表達(dá)，但本句中the role of被作者勝利很活。首先，在role后面有一個(gè)省略了引導(dǎo)詞that的定語(yǔ)從句(因?yàn)?/span>role在從句中作ascribe的賓語(yǔ))，這樣就把role和系動(dòng)詞is隔得很遠(yuǎn)。其次，but前面的句子的主要結(jié)構(gòu)The role is not of doing something其實(shí)是The role is not the role of doing something的省略形式，因?yàn)楹竺娴?/span>the role與前面的完全重復(fù)，如果不把它省略掉，誰(shuí)看到都要覺(jué)得啰嗦。因?yàn)橥瑯拥牡览恚?/span>but之后的one of imposing constraints實(shí)際上是is one role of imposing constraints的省略形式。 ◎大寶考研版權(quán)所有，拒絕轉(zhuǎn)載◎意群訓(xùn)練：The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating  the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints— ways of feeling， thinking，and acting that "come naturally" in archetypal situations in any culture.