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上海翻譯公司:英語翻譯技巧動與靜

發(fā)表時間:2017/03/11 00:00:00  瀏覽次數(shù):2516  
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在翻譯全過程中,譯者不僅要處理好難點問題,還應(yīng)注意處理好英漢兩種語言轉(zhuǎn)換時的一些突出疑點問題。它們既包括描述角度的問題,又涉及到組詞成句的特征。具體說來,這些疑點問題有動與靜、概略化與具體化、有靈動詞與無靈動詞以及形合法與意合法。 
一、動與靜 
英漢兩種語言在表述某一動作概念時均有一個共同的特點:即既可選擇靜態(tài)的表述方式,也可選擇動態(tài)的表述方式。前者在英語中多以"(be)+名詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語"句式為主,在漢語中多以"是+名詞/形容詞"句式為主;后者則是指"動作動詞/動態(tài)動詞+其他句子成分"這類句式,在英漢兩種語言中均十分常見。英語由于其詞法和句法體系有別于漢語(如英語中名詞、介詞占優(yōu)勢),所以在選擇表述動作意義的方式時常常是靜態(tài)表述方式多于動態(tài)表述方式。這種"以靜表動"的方式使英語行文顯得更為精練和多樣化。而漢語卻因有多用動詞的固有習(xí)慣(漢語中常常出現(xiàn)大量兼動式和連動式的說法) ,所以重動能描寫,在選擇表述動作意義的方式時常常是動態(tài)表述方式多于靜態(tài)表述方式。這一差別在翻譯時必須妥善處理,而常用的方式有兩種:一是化靜為動,二是化動為靜。(一)化靜為動 
化靜為動是指把原文的靜態(tài)句式轉(zhuǎn)換為動態(tài)句式,強化原文的動態(tài)色彩,使譯文符合漢語的行文習(xí)慣,明白流暢。英語中的靜態(tài)表述方式有無動詞句,例如: 
(1) Now for the discussion. 現(xiàn)在進行討論 
(2) This way, please!請走這邊! 
(3) So far so good. 到目前為止進展不錯。 
"be+動詞的同源名詞"句式: 
(1) She is a good teacher
她教書教得好。 
(2) He is a lover of pop music
他喜歡流行音樂。 
(3) He is the murderer of his boss. 
他謀殺了老板。 
(4) He has been the ruler of the region for as long as twenty years. 
他統(tǒng)治那個地區(qū)長達20年之久。 
(5) Mary is a good learner
瑪莉善于學(xué)習(xí)。 
(6) He was a good listener and they would like to talk with him
他能傾聽別人的意見, 因此他們喜歡同他談心。 
(7) Peter is a bad sailor. 彼得暈船。 
(8) Cardiovascular disease is American number one killer
在美國, 死于心血管疾病的人高居榜首。 
(9) I used to be a bit of a fancier myself. 過去我也常常有點胡思亂想。 
"be+非動詞同源名詞"句式: 
(1) My party was a quite affair. 
我的歡送會開得很平靜。 
(2) There was no loud sound. Nothing asserted its size in a brutal tumult of wind and thunder. 四周聽不見什么鬧聲。沒有任何東西以風(fēng)嘯雷鳴般的喧囂顯示其威力。 
(3) Excessive headline phrase condemnation is, of course, a possibility.當(dāng)然,指責(zé)過分使用標題式短語是可能的。 
(4) It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal.要不是我能干重活,早就給辭退了。 
(5) They were all eyes as the presents were opened.禮品打開時,他們?nèi)褙炞⒌乜粗?nbsp;
"be+動詞的同源形容詞"句式: 
(1) This program was not popular with all of the troops
并不是所有軍隊的人都喜歡這個計劃。 
(2) He is content with such kind of life.他滿足于這樣的生活。 
(3) John is quite familiar with the machine
約翰十分熟悉這臺機器的性能。 
(4) An acquaintance with the modern Chinese history is helpful to the study of Chinese revolution. 了解一下中國近代史,對研究中國革命是有幫助的。 
"be+非動詞同源形容詞"句式: 
(1) He was an able and a successful one. 
他為人能干, 事業(yè)成功。 
(2) His ill health has been a very anxious business. 
他身體不好令人十分擔(dān)憂。 
(3) I am quite ignorant of what they intend to do
我的確不知道他們打算干什么。 
(4) You shouldn't be sensitive about one's clothing. 
你不要太注重衣著了。 
"be+副詞"句式: 
(1) We must be off now. 我們得走了。 
(2) The performance is on. 演出已經(jīng)開始了。 
(3) Their experiment has been over. 他們的實驗已經(jīng)結(jié)束了。 
(4) I saw you out with a boy yesterday
昨天我看見你和一個男孩上街了。 
"be+介詞短語"句式: 
(1) Because of bad government, the company was in the red
由于管理不善, 公司出現(xiàn)虧損。 
(2) The factory is under construction
工廠正在建造中。 
(二)化動為靜 
化動為靜就是把原文中的動態(tài)句式轉(zhuǎn)換為靜態(tài)句式。英語雖然喜歡選用靜態(tài)句式,但選用動態(tài)句式來敘述靜態(tài)的意義也是常有的事。這些動態(tài)句式極富修辭效果,常見于景物描寫。英語有些動態(tài)句式譯成靜態(tài)句式往往比譯成動態(tài)句式要好。例如: 
(1) To the south of the city lies a river. 城南有一條河。 
(2) In front of me stood the essential tools of the intelligence officer's trade-a desk, two telephones, one scrambled for outside calls, and to one side a large green metal safe with an oversized combination lock on the front. 眼前是干情報官這一行的基本用具──張寫字臺,兩部電話, 一部裝有外線保密器, 一側(cè)立著一個大型的綠色金屬保險柜,柜正面裝有特大號的號碼鎖。 
(3) Here, in the endless paper chase which began so clearly but ended in my mystery, lay the threads of my career. 這種無休無止的文檔追索游戲,始而目標明確, 終于迷霧一團,貫穿其中的便是我的職業(yè)生涯。 
(4) High in the Carolina mountains sits a orphanage
在卡羅來納山地高處有一座孤兒院。 
此外,有些英語動態(tài)句的意義不易用漢語動態(tài)句來表達,或表達不準確、不流暢時,該動態(tài)句也需要轉(zhuǎn)換為靜態(tài)句。例如: 
(1) Silence followed this remark
話音落下, 一陣沉默。 
(2) Our age is witnessing a profound political change
我們的時代是深刻的政治變化的見證。 
(3) Its gleaming sands and backdrop of pine woods and distant hills give it a pleasant and restful atmosphere. 這兒沙灘閃爍,松林掩映,遠山連綿,自有一種心曠神怡的氣氛。 
(4) She knows what's what. 她很有鑒別力。 
(5) They thought differently.他們想法不同。 
(6) It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure
它的主要特點是結(jié)構(gòu)簡單。 
(7) The room is well furnished.房間的陳設(shè)頗佳。

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