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翻譯技巧:長(zhǎng)難句基本句型的分析
發(fā)起人:eging  回復(fù)數(shù):0  瀏覽數(shù):5828  最后更新:2019/3/18 8:31:51 by eging

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2019/3/18 8:31:57
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翻譯技巧:長(zhǎng)難句基本句型的分析
        近幾年,考研英語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)了很多難句。并且這些難句主要是長(zhǎng)難句。長(zhǎng)難句的形成主要通過(guò)以下四種方式:復(fù)合從句、成分省略、使用插入語(yǔ)和改變句序。這四種方式往往可以相互結(jié)合,從而形成更長(zhǎng)的難句。雖然形成長(zhǎng)難句之方法有四,但是目的卻只有一個(gè),就是打斷和打亂考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維習(xí)慣,從而達(dá)到考察考生閱讀能力和翻譯能力的目標(biāo)。下面分別對(duì)這四種方式一一解析。
  一、復(fù)合從句
  在考研中,復(fù)合從句中的從句最常見(jiàn)的是定語(yǔ)從句。復(fù)合從句可分為簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合從句和復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句。本文將分詞作狀語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)也歸入從句范疇,當(dāng)作一種更為靈活的從句形式。這種語(yǔ)法處理,并不是從語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究角度進(jìn)行的,而是從教學(xué)角度出發(fā)做出的從簡(jiǎn)處理。
  (一)簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合從句
  簡(jiǎn)單復(fù)合從句可以分為套用從句和并列從句兩種。套用從句,其實(shí)是最簡(jiǎn)單的長(zhǎng)難句。這類句子就像一根鎖鏈,只要抓住句子的各個(gè)連接點(diǎn),理出句子層次,就完全可以把握住?! ≡诜g定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),“這(些/個(gè))”常用來(lái)作為拆分句子的必用手段。閱讀時(shí),定語(yǔ)從句一般可以跳過(guò),實(shí)在不放心可以略讀。一般情況下,考研基本上不會(huì)在這種從句中有出題點(diǎn)。  并列從句大致有四種情況:并列從句修飾主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。也就是說(shuō)并列從句一般作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。其實(shí),并列從句和并列短語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法功能上完全相同,只不過(guò)并列從句一般較長(zhǎng),會(huì)使考生在閱讀中漸忘句子結(jié)構(gòu)。并列從句修飾主語(yǔ),就是說(shuō)并列從句作狀語(yǔ)。這種句子很簡(jiǎn)單。翻譯時(shí),可以直譯,把從句作定語(yǔ),直接放在主語(yǔ)前面。如果從句很長(zhǎng),可以使用復(fù)指代詞。另外,翻譯從句先行詞時(shí),要注意詞性的轉(zhuǎn)換,比如hope/ suggest之類的詞有名動(dòng)兩種譯法。考生要切忌拘于詞性。并列從句修飾謂語(yǔ)就是說(shuō)這些從句作狀語(yǔ)。一般情況下,這些從句都不完整,多為現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。事實(shí)上,現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)或者定語(yǔ),都可以看作是從句的一種更加靈活的表達(dá)方式?!〔⒘袕木湫揎椯e語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)有兩種,一種是單純賓語(yǔ),另一種是介賓結(jié)構(gòu)中的準(zhǔn)賓語(yǔ)。單純賓語(yǔ)指在句中作賓語(yǔ)成分;準(zhǔn)賓語(yǔ)指在介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)。并列從句修飾單純賓語(yǔ)的句子結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰,閱讀難度不大,但翻譯有些難度。并列從句修飾準(zhǔn)賓語(yǔ)的就比較難了。因?yàn)楹竺嬗泻荛L(zhǎng)的介詞短語(yǔ)會(huì)使考生在閱讀中忘記句子前面的意思。
  (二)復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句
  復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句,就是說(shuō)這些句子不是單純的復(fù)合從句。復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句主要是因?yàn)榫渥又谐霈F(xiàn)省略,插入和倒裝等形式,從而加大了句子的難度。這也是考研英語(yǔ)為了加大難度常用的方式。在復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句中出現(xiàn)的省略一般主要是語(yǔ)法省略,語(yǔ)用省略一般很少。出現(xiàn)插入語(yǔ),其實(shí)是指這些詞或短語(yǔ)的插入,使句子語(yǔ)法成分的聯(lián)系打斷,句子的整體性受到?jīng)_擊,從而影響了句子的理解。復(fù)雜復(fù)合從句中出現(xiàn)的插入語(yǔ)一般都是分詞形式或者介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時(shí),一般多可以翻為狀語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以翻為定語(yǔ)。出現(xiàn)倒裝時(shí),越短的句子越難。因?yàn)榭梢詤⒖嫉男畔⒑苌?。這種句子可以先把從句和先行詞用一個(gè)代詞替換,然后進(jìn)行語(yǔ)序恢復(fù)。
  背誦例句:
  1.Many experts suggest that the child raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
  譯文:許多專家認(rèn)為:如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境里長(zhǎng)大,而這些刺激物能夠開(kāi)發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力,那么這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有得到更好的智力發(fā)展。
  2.How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and approlpriateness of the information and on the skill with which it is interpreted.
  譯文:這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上會(huì)被后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí),這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性以及解釋這些信息的技能。
  3.Immediately the army opened fire, killing four men and injuring the fifth who later died of his wounds.
  譯文:部隊(duì)突然開(kāi)了火,打死四人,還有一人受傷。后來(lái)此人也因傷勢(shì)過(guò)重死去。
  4.The king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treasures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to ease, by the construction of the Great Wall, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of a pyramid ,the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleasure.
  譯文:那個(gè)權(quán)力無(wú)上、財(cái)富無(wú)竭的國(guó)王,只有通過(guò)修筑長(zhǎng)城來(lái)減輕自己對(duì)權(quán)力的厭倦和對(duì)歡樂(lè)的麻木。
  5.Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-establish the moral ends of our lives.
  譯文:我們希望富有創(chuàng)造性地生活在我們繼承的這個(gè)世界中,這種希望存在于我們重新建立道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的能力之中。
  6.To us, a winner is one who responds authentically by being trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and as a member of a society.
  譯文:在我們看來(lái),成功者不管作為個(gè)人還是社會(huì)的一份子,他的真實(shí)表現(xiàn)都是可靠、靈敏、和真誠(chéng)。
  二、成分省略
語(yǔ)言有個(gè)節(jié)省性原則。成分省略,主要是為了避免重復(fù)。一般的成分省略多為主語(yǔ)省略和謂語(yǔ)省略。這種省略屬于語(yǔ)法省略。但考研中一般是語(yǔ)用省略,也就是說(shuō)是為了某中具體的表達(dá)目的而采取的省略。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合,一正一反,使句子變得富有變化和難于把握。但省略句也有一些出現(xiàn)頻率很高,因此需要熟記。
  背誦例句:
  1. It is quite unevering not to be able to see or to establish contact with the others ,even though we have learnt to talk with people we can not see, as on the telephone.
  譯文:即使我們適應(yīng)了打電話這種看不見(jiàn)對(duì)方的交談方式,這種看不見(jiàn)也觸摸不到對(duì)方的對(duì)話還是讓人感到很不自在。
  2. To American, being on ones’s own means that one is a fulling dependent functioning part of the whole capable and willing to make choices.
  譯文:對(duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō),個(gè)人的自立就是指這個(gè)人在集體中完全獨(dú)立并且又能發(fā)揮作用。他有能力而且也愿意作出自己的選擇。
  3. In their hearts, women think it is men’s business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their hunsband’s live, but, at any rate, after his death.
  譯文:女人們從心底認(rèn)為:掙錢是男人的事情,女人只管話花錢——可能的話丈夫在世時(shí)就花;不行的話,那就在丈夫去世后再花。
  4.I can’t accept this fact because I know that if I wasn’t able to avoid a mistake, chances were that no other surgeon could have either.
  譯文:我可以接受這個(gè)事實(shí),因?yàn)槲颐靼兹绻叶疾荒鼙苊獬鲥e(cuò),那么其他
的外科大夫出錯(cuò)也就難免了。
  5. With strong will, men can move mountain and fill seas.—and have.
  譯文:憑借堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的意志,人類能夠移山填海。而事實(shí)上人類已經(jīng)做到。
  6.The war finally came to an end ,but not before hundreds of thousands of people had died.
  譯文:戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)終于結(jié)束,但卻是在千萬(wàn)人在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中喪生之后才結(jié)束。
  三、使用插入語(yǔ)
  插入語(yǔ),是因?yàn)榉至蚜司渥拥慕Y(jié)構(gòu)而得名的,所以,這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)主要是從語(yǔ)法功能角度出發(fā)提出的,對(duì)語(yǔ)法形式?jīng)]有多大考慮。插入語(yǔ)一般是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)或者介賓結(jié)構(gòu)。使用插入語(yǔ)主要是為了調(diào)整語(yǔ)氣和增加補(bǔ)充信息,并且更主要目的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu),避免頭重腳輕。插入語(yǔ)是主謂結(jié)構(gòu),一般都是“sb say/reason/suggest”這種格式,閱讀問(wèn)題不大,翻譯時(shí)要提到句首。插入語(yǔ)是介賓結(jié)構(gòu)也是如此處理。定語(yǔ)從句和分詞做定語(yǔ)時(shí),如果是插在主謂結(jié)構(gòu)之間也可以看作是插入語(yǔ)??佳蟹g中出現(xiàn)最多的插入語(yǔ)是用破折號(hào)插入的新話題或者補(bǔ)充信息。這種插入標(biāo)志很明顯,只是翻譯處理會(huì)有些棘手。另外,因?yàn)橐恍┚渥映煞郑ㄒ话闶嵌ㄕZ(yǔ))過(guò)長(zhǎng)而出現(xiàn)后置,也可看作是插入現(xiàn)象。只不過(guò)這種插入只是句子原有成分間的位子變化,沒(méi)有新增成分。
  背誦例句:
  1.Science moves forward , they say ,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
  譯文:他們說(shuō),科學(xué)的進(jìn)步與其說(shuō)源于天才偉人的真知灼見(jiàn),不如說(shuō)源于諸如改進(jìn)的技術(shù) 和工具等更為普通的東西。
  2. Those,unaware of what is happening in society today may be surprised to learn that few academic philosophers study death, happiness and so on.
  譯文:那些人不了解當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)生的事情,所以發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的哲學(xué)家很少研究死亡和幸福之類的東西時(shí)會(huì)感到奇怪。
  3.Most experts see in this a paradox -- an endless conflict between the desire to conform and the desire to remain apart.
  譯文:大多數(shù)專家都從中看到一種矛盾,即從眾的欲望和試圖與眾不同的欲望之間的綿延不斷的沖突。
  4.Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently—this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done --is not being civilized.
  譯文:即使善于驅(qū)使別人去為自己打仗,并且告訴他們?cè)鯓哟虿抛钣行А@畢竟是征服者和將軍們干過(guò)的事——也不能稱其為文明行為。
  5.Demonstrations are being staged in the town. where opposition is mounting to the construction of a nuclear waste storage plant near the river.
  譯文:這個(gè)城市不斷發(fā)生示威游行,而且這種反對(duì)在河邊建造核廢料儲(chǔ)存廠的呼聲日高漲。< TOP >
  四、改變語(yǔ)序
  改變語(yǔ)序,一般指倒裝。倒裝分為語(yǔ)法倒裝和修辭倒裝??佳须y點(diǎn)一般在修辭倒裝。修辭倒裝主要是為了強(qiáng)調(diào),一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的表達(dá)重心,一種是強(qiáng)調(diào)一種表達(dá)語(yǔ)氣,比如命令語(yǔ)氣,假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣(虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝屬于此類)疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)氣和否定語(yǔ)氣。這些倒裝常和一些連詞或者副詞(如nor/so/only/never/until等)密切相關(guān)。下文所舉例子基本是從這個(gè)角度出發(fā)選擇出來(lái)的。
背誦例句:
  1.So involved with the book do the boy become that his mother often have to force him to break.
  譯文:那男孩對(duì)這本書如此著迷,以至于他的母親不得不總強(qiáng)迫他停下。
  2.Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of this program, has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.
  譯文:除非研究提供證據(jù)表明這個(gè)節(jié)目有不良影響,否則電視節(jié)目的播放政策不會(huì)改變。
  3.Lonely was seeing his son only once a month since the divorce.
  譯文:離婚后,他每月只能看兒子一次。這使他感到孤獨(dú)。
  4.Scientists do not know exactly how the virus damages the immune system, nor do they understand why the natural antibodies developed to destroy the virus are ineffective.
  譯文:科學(xué)家們迄今未能確定這種病毒破壞免疫系統(tǒng)的機(jī)理,他們也不明白旨在破壞這種病毒的天然抗體為什么無(wú)效。
  5.And never before has it been so undeniable that mutually beneficial international institutions of cooperation are a vital global necessity.
  譯文:過(guò)去人們從來(lái)沒(méi)有這么堅(jiān)信各國(guó)互利的國(guó)際合作機(jī)構(gòu)是全球不可或缺的要素。
  6.The material destruction of the war was not so great but that it could by this time have been repaired, had a good peace been made without delay.
  譯文:假若當(dāng)時(shí)立即恢復(fù)了和平,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)在物質(zhì)方面的破壞無(wú)論怎樣大,到一也能夠得到修復(fù)了。
  7.He wrote a novel, and no sooner did he have the synopsis of a story ,but he would invite a crowd of his friends outdoors and read it aloud to them.
  譯文:他寫小說(shuō)時(shí)剛剛構(gòu)思出劇情輪廓就趕緊邀請(qǐng)一群朋友到野外,然后把劇情梗概大聲地念給他們聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)考研試卷中,閱讀理解和翻譯共有50分,占到了全卷分?jǐn)?shù)的半壁江山。毫不夸張地說(shuō),把這兩部分做好,在英語(yǔ)考試中取得理想的成績(jī)便不再是奢望。那么怎么樣才能做好這一部分的試題呢?關(guān)鍵要通過(guò)大量的練習(xí),增強(qiáng)閱讀英文句子,尤其是其中長(zhǎng)難句的能力。長(zhǎng)難句一般是指結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜難以理解的句子,也有一些其實(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,但因?yàn)榫渥雍荛L(zhǎng)也很容易讓人困惑。長(zhǎng)難句出現(xiàn)不多,但是常常大大增加我們理解的難度,成為我們獲取高分的“攔路虎”。
  下面就近八年來(lái)(2003年除外)考研試題中閱讀理解和翻譯中出現(xiàn)的長(zhǎng)難句都列出來(lái),分析它們的結(jié)構(gòu),指出其中的考查難點(diǎn),并對(duì)如何恰當(dāng)翻譯它們給出建議,希望考生朋友能從中得到一些啟發(fā)。2003年試卷中的長(zhǎng)難句,這里就不分析了,留給大家模考時(shí)候自己分析,同時(shí)檢驗(yàn)自己學(xué)習(xí)分析長(zhǎng)難句的成果。
  1. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.
  [句子主干]Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]本句是典型的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,難點(diǎn)在其主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)都有較長(zhǎng)的短語(yǔ)和of結(jié)構(gòu)限定,并且分句是由兩個(gè)and相連的3個(gè)部分組成的。分句an element…landowners 又帶有兩個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,一個(gè)是(which was)representing… ,另一個(gè)是(which was)detached…。可見(jiàn),定語(yǔ)從句的難點(diǎn)在于經(jīng)常省略“引導(dǎo)詞+be”的結(jié)構(gòu),從而在理解上容易和分詞結(jié)構(gòu)相混淆。
  [句子翻譯] 對(duì)資本和企業(yè)的這種大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人操縱大大增加了股東作為一個(gè)階級(jí)的數(shù)量和重要性。這個(gè)階層作為國(guó)計(jì)民生的一部分,代表了非個(gè)人責(zé)任的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者應(yīng)盡義務(wù)的分離,而且也幾乎與責(zé)任管理相分離。
  [翻譯技巧] 實(shí)際上定語(yǔ)從句并不符合漢語(yǔ)的使用習(xí)慣。所以翻譯時(shí)遇上定語(yǔ)從句,一定不要機(jī)械地按照原來(lái)的順序生搬硬套。像這樣分句較長(zhǎng)的情況,把主句和分句拆為兩句是比較好的方法。所以這里從“這個(gè)階層”開(kāi)始另起一句。
  2.Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboune sprang up to house large. " comfonable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.
  [句子主干]Towns…sprang up…classes who…, and who…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]1)有并列從句。分析句子主干很容易看到這也是一個(gè)典型的定語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu),分句由who…,and who…兩個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu)組成。注意like并不是謂語(yǔ)而是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),真正的主句謂語(yǔ)是sprang of。retire on指“依靠什么而退休(多跟表收入的名詞)”。
  2)that of drawing dividends 結(jié)構(gòu)中,draw是收取的意思,dividend指紅利,that of sth結(jié)構(gòu)是名詞性的,that of sth相當(dāng)于which is結(jié)構(gòu),目的都是修飾前面的名詞。注意后面還有attending…是省略了which were的定語(yǔ)從句,把of sth結(jié)構(gòu)和定語(yǔ)從句交替使用是英語(yǔ)中長(zhǎng)難句的慣用手法,目的是避免行文的單調(diào),考生朋友們要注意分辨。
  [句子翻譯] 像Bournemouth和Eastboune這樣的城市興起了,大批隱退的享樂(lè)階層人士靠自己的收入,在這里過(guò)著悠閑的生活。他們與群體之外的人沒(méi)有聯(lián)系,只是分取紅利,偶爾參加股東會(huì)議,對(duì)管理人員發(fā)號(hào)施令。
  [翻譯技巧]同樣是為了避開(kāi)定語(yǔ)從句,將主句和分句拆為兩句。要注意幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)的理解。retire on依靠……退休/have…relation…to與……有關(guān)系/up to 達(dá)到……的規(guī)模
  3.Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "
  [句子主干]Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。1)like…分句是省略了who 的主語(yǔ)從句中的分句,considering…分句是現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般來(lái)說(shuō)較長(zhǎng)的狀語(yǔ)從句置于句尾,較短的置于句首,為的是使句子看上去顯得簡(jiǎn)潔一些。
2)like分句中出現(xiàn)了比較多的省略,補(bǔ)全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英語(yǔ)中的從句之所以是難點(diǎn)就是因?yàn)榇罅康厥÷砸龑?dǎo)詞。
  [句子翻譯]羅博特?富爾頓曾經(jīng)寫道,機(jī)械工將坐在杠桿、螺絲、楔、輪子等周圍,像詩(shī)人對(duì)待字母表中的每個(gè)字母一樣,把它們作為自己的思路展示,每一個(gè)新組合都傳送一個(gè)新概念。
  [翻譯技巧]如果嚴(yán)格地翻譯,like分句應(yīng)該譯為“像對(duì)待字母表中字母的詩(shī)人一樣”,原因是這個(gè)從句修飾的是機(jī)械工,應(yīng)該用詩(shī)人來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng),但這樣一來(lái),就不符合漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣了。
  4.Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.
  [句子主干]Some of these causes are reasonable results…, Others are consequences of advances…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]主語(yǔ)是some of these causes,實(shí)際的主語(yǔ)就是some,不過(guò)謂語(yǔ)是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)則取決于of后面的成分是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。being to…是定語(yǔ)從句的分句結(jié)構(gòu),意為“屬于”。
  [句子翻譯]在這些原因中,有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求,另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生的某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。
  [翻譯技巧]這個(gè)翻譯比較簡(jiǎn)單,注意being to的翻譯即可。
  5.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
  [句子主干]This trend began during …, when…,that…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]1)有套和從句。這個(gè)句子實(shí)際上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修飾和限定作用。在分析長(zhǎng)難句時(shí)一定要注意找出句子的主干,關(guān)鍵是確定句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ),只有這樣才不會(huì)被眾多的修飾成分所迷惑。
  2)When引導(dǎo)的是時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾conclusion的定語(yǔ)從句,第二個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾demands的定語(yǔ)從句,wants前省略了which,是引導(dǎo)的修飾a government的主語(yǔ)從句。
  [句子翻譯]這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間,當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府下了結(jié)論,認(rèn)為:政府向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見(jiàn)的。
  [翻譯技巧]此句中短語(yǔ)較多。come to the conclusion形成某種結(jié)論/make of提出/in detail詳細(xì)地
  6.This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
  [句子主干]This seems …done by supporting a certain amount of research not…but…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]注意not…but句型,意為“不是……而是……”
  [句子翻譯]給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研提供支持,看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這一問(wèn)題。
  [翻譯技巧]嚴(yán)格說(shuō)來(lái),not…but結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)譯為“不是……而是……”,但這樣就顯得羅嗦,所 以譯為“與……無(wú)關(guān)”,但(另一些有關(guān))。a amount of指“數(shù)量達(dá)到……”。be related to指“與……有關(guān)”。
  7.However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascination and delightful aspects.
  [句子主干]However, the world is so made that…systems are …unable to deal with some of the …aspects
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]so made指“如此構(gòu)成”,so和后面的that構(gòu)成so…that結(jié)構(gòu),意為“如此……以至于……”。be…(un)able to指“可以(或不可以)……”。
  [句子翻譯]然而,世界就是如此。一般而言,完美的體系無(wú)法解決世界上某些更加引人入勝的課題。
  [翻譯技巧]be so made that意為“如…構(gòu)成”,不符合漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣,所以譯為“就是如此”。in principle 總的說(shuō)來(lái)/deal with應(yīng)付……
  8.New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.
  [句子主干]New forms…as well as new subjects…must arise…as they have in the past, giving rise to…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句。1)主語(yǔ)較為復(fù)雜,為并列結(jié)構(gòu),分別是new forms和new subjects,中間用as well as連接。
  2)as在這里引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)介詞結(jié)構(gòu)(as they have in the past),have的賓語(yǔ)省略了,其內(nèi)容與本句主語(yǔ)一致。
  3)giving rise to…分句為非限定性定語(yǔ)從句的從句,省略了which are。
  [句子翻譯]同過(guò)去一樣,將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象,給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
  [翻譯技巧]as well as 和,以及/give rise to給……以機(jī)會(huì)
  9.For Lloyd Nickson, a 54 year old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.
  [句子主干]For Lolyd Nicks, the NT Rights…means he can get on with living without…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]插入成分很多。此句實(shí)際上是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,其核心結(jié)構(gòu)為Rights means…,只不過(guò)添加了諸多限制結(jié)構(gòu)使句子看起來(lái)很復(fù)雜。”For Lolyd Nicks”為主句的狀語(yǔ)成分,“a 54-years old…cancer”為L(zhǎng)olyd Nicks的同位語(yǔ)。
  [句子翻譯]對(duì)于現(xiàn)年54歲居住在達(dá)爾文的的肺癌患者尼克遜來(lái)說(shuō),這個(gè)法案意味著他可以平靜地生活下去,而無(wú)須終日擔(dān)心將要來(lái)臨的折磨:因呼吸困難而在煎熬中死去。
  [翻譯技巧]同位語(yǔ)從句在漢語(yǔ)中很少出現(xiàn),對(duì)同位語(yǔ)從句的處理就把它當(dāng)作定語(yǔ)從句即可。如此句中就將同位語(yǔ)成分作為前置狀語(yǔ)成分的主語(yǔ)的修飾成分即可。haunting fear指“向看到鬼一樣恐懼”,表示非??謶?。
  10.Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.
  [句子主干]Someone…, if…, often had nowhere to turn except…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略現(xiàn)象。traveling不是現(xiàn)在分詞,而是引導(dǎo)修飾someone的定語(yǔ)從句。if引導(dǎo)的從句中均省略了“主語(yǔ)+be動(dòng)詞”的結(jié)構(gòu),這樣顯得句子簡(jiǎn)潔。
  [句子翻譯]獨(dú)自旅行時(shí),如果沒(méi)有了食物,受傷了或者生病了,通常只能向最近的小屋或者村落求救。
  [翻譯技巧]直譯的話,應(yīng)該說(shuō)人們“沒(méi)有其他地方,只有……”可得到幫助,但這樣寫的話顯得冗長(zhǎng)而且費(fèi)解,這里根據(jù)句意,譯為“只能向……求助”就比較準(zhǔn)確了。“turn”的用法比較靈活,意思很多,這里依據(jù)上下文,譯為“向……求助”。
  11.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.
  [句子主干]We live in a society in which…substances is pervasive…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]實(shí)際是簡(jiǎn)單句。此句句子雖長(zhǎng),但是結(jié)構(gòu)并不復(fù)雜,可以從冒號(hào)開(kāi)始分為兩個(gè)部分。理解的時(shí)候要有意識(shí)地把兩部分分開(kāi),個(gè)個(gè)擊破。in which引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。該從句的分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是is而不是are,是因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)從句中主語(yǔ)是use,而不是substances,這一點(diǎn)要注意分辨。
  [句子翻譯] 在我們生活的社會(huì)里,物質(zhì)(藥品)被廣泛地運(yùn)用于社交和醫(yī)療:服用阿司匹林來(lái)緩解頭疼,喝酒來(lái)應(yīng)酬,早晨和咖啡來(lái)提神,吸煙鎮(zhèn)定情緒等。
  [翻譯技巧]該句冒號(hào)以后的內(nèi)容寫得很輕巧,很有文學(xué)性,我們翻譯的時(shí)候也不要強(qiáng)求字字照應(yīng),而應(yīng)該也是比較靈活。如quiet不是“安靜”的意思,而是“鎮(zhèn)靜”的意思。
  12.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.
  [句子主干]Dependence is marked first by…, with…, and then by…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句和省略。with引導(dǎo)的是伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ),修飾的是整個(gè)第一分句描述的狀態(tài)。and引導(dǎo)的分句省略了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞marked ,所以要注意其實(shí)該分句并不隸屬于第一分句,而是與之并列的結(jié)構(gòu)。
  [句子翻譯] 依賴的最初表現(xiàn)為耐受力增強(qiáng),用量越來(lái)越大才能達(dá)到預(yù)期效果,一旦停用就會(huì)產(chǎn)生不舒服的癥狀。
  [翻譯技巧]有些同學(xué)遇上伴隨結(jié)構(gòu)就不知道如何翻譯了,其實(shí)只要按照原來(lái)的語(yǔ)序順次翻譯就是。
  13.But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.
  [句子主干]But he talked as well about …, and he announced that…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]該句沒(méi)有從句結(jié)構(gòu),而是由and連接的兩個(gè)并列成分構(gòu)成。用would是因?yàn)楸磉_(dá)了某人的主觀態(tài)度和意愿。
  [句子翻譯] 但他也談到了創(chuàng)作自由與社會(huì)責(zé)任之間要“努力保持均衡”這一問(wèn)題。他宣布公司將盡力對(duì)可能招致大眾反對(duì)的音樂(lè)制定各種發(fā)行和標(biāo)識(shí)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
   [翻譯技巧]雖然沒(méi)有從句結(jié)構(gòu),但是由于句子太長(zhǎng),有眾多的修飾成分,所以建議還是拆為兩句較好。
  14.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July.
  [句子主干]Average inflation…fell to a mere…, close to its…, before
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。close to分句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句,省略了which was。Before后面的成分是對(duì)全句的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明,是狀語(yǔ)成分。狀語(yǔ)成分可以置句首,也可以置句末,并無(wú)定規(guī)。之所以用rising,是因?yàn)檫@里需要一個(gè)名次性的結(jié)構(gòu)the inflation which was,這樣顯得簡(jiǎn)潔得多。
  [句子翻譯]七大工業(yè)國(guó)家的通貨膨脹率去年下降到了2.3%,接近30年來(lái)最低水平,今年7月才小幅上漲到2.5%,比許多國(guó)家70年代和80年代兩位數(shù)低了很多。
[翻譯技巧]the big seven industrial economies是指西方七大工業(yè)國(guó)。close to是靠近的意思。fall to是“跌落至……”的意思。
  15.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack.
  [句子主干]Economists have been…surprised by…and…, since…,and especially…, have …
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have been…是因?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以來(lái)關(guān)注,現(xiàn)在也在關(guān)注,是一個(gè)從過(guò)去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。Since引導(dǎo)的是表原因的狀語(yǔ)從句。
  [句子翻譯] 特別讓經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家感到詫異的是,英美兩國(guó)的通貨膨脹帶來(lái)的是良性的結(jié)果,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的分析方法表明,兩國(guó)尤其是美國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)生產(chǎn)幾乎沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)滑坡。
  [翻譯技巧]favorable表示的是“非常好的”,不是“非常喜歡的”,與個(gè)人取向沒(méi)有關(guān)系。productive slack是“生產(chǎn)滑坡”的意思。
  16.Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.
  [句子主干]Actually it isn’ t, because it assumes that…, which is…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有套合從句。本句為主從復(fù)合句。主句很簡(jiǎn)單,而because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,又有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。這個(gè)從句中,主語(yǔ)an agreed account of human rights由一個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的飛行定性定語(yǔ)從句修飾,而這個(gè)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中又有一個(gè)限定性定語(yǔ)從句the world does not have來(lái)修飾something。
  [句子翻譯] 事實(shí)并非如此,因?yàn)檫@種問(wèn)法是以人們對(duì)人的權(quán)利有共同的認(rèn)識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的,而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。
  [翻譯技巧]agree為“約定的”意思,agreed account直譯為“約定的看法”,意譯為“共同的認(rèn)識(shí)”??梢?jiàn)翻譯中一定要結(jié)合漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣靈活轉(zhuǎn)換。an agreed account of human rights不可譯為“有同意的人權(quán)記錄”。此外,將不定代詞具體化,也更符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
  17.Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.
  [句子主干]Some philosophers argue that…, as part of an exchange of…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]該句仍為主從復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements充當(dāng)了補(bǔ)充語(yǔ)的角色。
  [句子翻譯] 有些哲學(xué)家論證說(shuō),權(quán)利只存在社會(huì)契約中,是責(zé)任與利益相交換的一部分。
  [翻譯技巧]要正確選擇contract的詞義,不要譯成從此“收縮,縮小”。argue不要譯成“爭(zhēng)論”,而要靈活處理成“論證說(shuō)”。
  18.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.
  [句子主干]It leads the discussion…: it invites you to think that…, or with…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有并列從句和省略。冒號(hào)把句子分成兩部分,后一部分對(duì)前面部分作進(jìn)一步解釋說(shuō)明。前面部分是簡(jiǎn)單句。后面部分是復(fù)合句。that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中,主語(yǔ)是animals,謂語(yǔ)是shouldbetreated,either…or…引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ),either引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)中,humans extend to other humans是一個(gè)省略引導(dǎo)詞that的定語(yǔ)從句。
  [句子翻譯] 這種說(shuō)法從一開(kāi)始就將討論引向兩個(gè)極端,它使人們認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣對(duì)待動(dòng)物:要么像對(duì)人類自身一樣關(guān)切體諒,要么完全冷漠無(wú)情。
  [翻譯技巧]it 的所指要明確。leads the discussion to extremes譯成“將討論引向兩個(gè)極端”,at the outset譯成“從一開(kāi)始”。注意把被動(dòng)句譯為主動(dòng)句,更合乎漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
  19.Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.
  [句子主干]Arguing from the view that humans are…, extremists of this…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有套和從句。逗號(hào)前面是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ),作狀語(yǔ),里面又有一個(gè)that從句作the view的同位語(yǔ),逗號(hào)后面的that從句是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。
  [句子翻譯] 這類人持極端看法,認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同,對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。
  [翻譯技巧]in every relevant respect譯成“各相關(guān)方面”,不要把respect 譯成“尊重”;extremists為極端主義者;let outside the area of moral choice譯成“不在道德范圍內(nèi),不關(guān)乎道德”。
  20.When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
  [句子主干]When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is ….instinct…, an instinct that should be…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]以冒號(hào)為界,將全句分成兩個(gè)復(fù)合句。前面的復(fù)合句里,時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句when that happens敘述的是前一句to see…的情形的出現(xiàn)。That修飾這種行為,主句表明這種行為并不錯(cuò)。冒號(hào)后面的復(fù)合句解釋為什么。這里有一個(gè)that從句,作instinct的定語(yǔ)。
  [句子翻譯] 這種反應(yīng)并不錯(cuò),這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用,這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄。
  [翻譯技巧]將that,it等代詞具體化,使譯文表達(dá)明確;reasoning不能譯成“原因”,而應(yīng)譯為“推理,推論”;in action不能譯成“在行動(dòng)中”,而譯成“在起作用”,action在此是“作用,性能”的意思;翻譯被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),使用“得到”,“遭到”等,使譯文流暢自然
  21.The Aswan Dam, for example stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.
  [句子主干]The Aswan Dam, …stopped the Nile flooding…but…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有插入語(yǔ)。for example是個(gè)插入結(jié)構(gòu),不是句子的主要成分。but后面省略了the Aswan Dam。注意so…that…結(jié)構(gòu),是“如此……以至于”的意思。
  [句子翻譯] 以阿斯旺大壩為例,它擋住了尼羅河的洪水,但也使埃及失去了洪水沖積的肥沃土壤,換回來(lái)的卻是一個(gè)病態(tài)的大水庫(kù)?,F(xiàn)在水庫(kù)積滿泥沙,幾乎不能用于發(fā)電了。
  [翻譯技巧]the Nile是尼羅河。All in return意思是“換回來(lái)的全部則是”。
  22.The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.
  [句子主干]The trouble is that…is due to …, and so is not …
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有套和從句。
thetrouble isthat…是表語(yǔ)從句結(jié)構(gòu)。后一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的是修飾rebound的定語(yǔ)從句。[句子翻譯] 問(wèn)題在于,近期的增長(zhǎng)一定程度上是因?yàn)樯虡I(yè)運(yùn)作周期漲落的結(jié)果,因此還不能得出經(jīng)濟(jì)已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)復(fù)蘇態(tài)勢(shì)這一結(jié)論。[翻譯技巧]part of the recent acceleration不可譯為“一部分的最近的加速”,而是“最近加速部分是由于”。business cycle是指“商業(yè)周期”。
  23.New ways of organizing the workplace all that reengineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.
  [句子主干]New ways of …workplace…are only one contribution to…, which is…, and…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有插入語(yǔ)。兩個(gè)破折號(hào)中間的成分為插入結(jié)構(gòu),可以視為括號(hào)里面的內(nèi)容。Such as后面的內(nèi)容是對(duì)many other factors的列舉。在閱讀的時(shí)候基本可以跳過(guò)不看,除非后面有細(xì)節(jié)題考查這里的內(nèi)容。
  [句子翻譯] 組織工作場(chǎng)所的新方法——包括機(jī)構(gòu)重組和縮小規(guī)?!皇谴龠M(jìn)某個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體的綜合生產(chǎn)率提高的一項(xiàng)措施,還有其他許多因素促進(jìn)生產(chǎn)率的提高,比如對(duì)機(jī)械設(shè)備的聯(lián)合投資、采用新技術(shù)、對(duì)教育培訓(xùn)投資等。[翻譯技巧]all that譯為“這一切包括”。overall productivity譯為“綜合生產(chǎn)力水平”。Joint investment譯為“聯(lián)合投資”。Drive譯為“驅(qū)動(dòng)”。
  24.His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long term profitability.
  [句子主干]His colleague,…, says that… ,chopping out costs without giving…
  [語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)]有省略。chopping out costs without giving sufficient …分句是非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。修飾的是前一分句的整體意思。without后面要跟現(xiàn)在分詞giving。
  [句子翻譯] 他的同時(shí)邁克爾?比爾說(shuō),為數(shù)眾多的公司以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)重組,降低了成本,但卻未能充分考慮長(zhǎng)期贏利。
  [翻譯技巧]far too many譯為“太多的(比實(shí)際需要)”。re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion應(yīng)譯為“以簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的方式”。chop out譯為“削減”。


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