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原  稿

A New Type Car -- Hybrid Electric Vehicle

With skyrocketing fuel prices and changes in weather patterns, many car manufacturers claimed to develop the kind of vehicles that will increase the mileage and reduce the emissions. Hybrid car is a kind of vehicle which can meet above requirements. A hybrid car features a small fuel-efficient gas engine combined with an electric motor that assists the engine.

The reasons of building such a complicated machine are twofold: to reduce tailpipe emissions and to improve mileage. Firstly, hybrid cars are good for the environment. They can reduce smog by 90 percent and they use far less gasoline than conventional cars. Meanwhile, hybrid cars burn less gasoline per mile, so they release fewer greenhouse gases. Secondly, hybrid cars are economical. Hybrid cars, which run on gas and electricity, can get up to 55 to 60 miles per gallon in city driving, while a typical SUV might use three times as much gas for the same distance! There are three reasons can mainly account for that: 1) Hybrid engines are much smaller than those on conventional cars. A hybrid car engine is to accommodate the 99% of driving time when a car is not going up hills or accelerating quickly. When extra acceleration power is needed, it relies on the battery to provide additional force. 2) Hybrid gasoline engine can shut off when the car is stopped and run off their electric motor and battery. 3) Hybrid cars often recover braking energy. Electric motors could take the lost kinetic energy in braking and use it to charge the battery. Furthermore, hybrids are better than all-electric cars because hybrid car batteries recharge as you drive so there is no need to plug in. Most electric cars need to be recharged every 50-100miles. Also, most electric cars cannot go faster than 50-60 mph, while hybrids can.

Hybrid cars bridge the gap between electric and gasoline-powered cars by traveling further and driving faster and hybrid gas-electric cars are proving to be a feasible alternative at a time of high gas prices. So, in my opinion, hybrid cars will have a bright future.

How Does Hybrid Electric Vehicle Work？

You probably own a gasoline or diesel-engine car. You may have heard of electric vehicles too. A hybrid vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a combination of both. Hybrid vehicles utilize two or more sources of energy for propulsion. In the case of HEVs, a combustion engine and an electric motor are used.

How it works depends on the type of drive train it has. A hybrid vehicle can either have a parallel or series or parallel-series drive train.

Parallel Hybrid

The parallel hybrid car has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries.

A parallel hybrid is designed to run directly from either the combustion engine or the electric motor. It can run using both the engine and the motor. As a conventional vehicle, the parallel hybrid draws its power from the combustion engine which will then drive the transmission that turns the wheels. If it is using the electric motor, the car draws its power from the batteries. The energy from the batteries will then power the electric motor that drives the transmission and turns the wheel.

Both the combustion engine and the electric motor are used at the same time during quick acceleration, on steep ascend, or when either the engine or the motor needs additional boost.

Since the engine is directly connected to the wheels in a parallel drive train, it eliminates the inefficiency of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy and back. This makes a very effective vehicle to drive on the highway.

Series Hybrid

The series hybrid car also has a gas tank, a combustion engine, transmission, electric motor, and batteries with the addition of the generator. The generator can be the electric motor or it can be another separate component.

The series configuration is the simplest among the 3. The engine is not connected to the transmission rather it is connected to the electric motor. This means that the transmission can be driven only by the electric motor which draws its energy from the battery pack, the engine or the generator.

A hybrid car with a series drive train is more suited for city driving conditions since the engine will not be subjected to the varying speed demands (stop, go, and idle) that contributes to fuel consumption.

Series-Parallel Hybrid

The series-parallel configuration solves the individual problems of the parallel and series hybrid. By combining the 2 designs, the transmission can be directly connected to the engine or can be separated for optimum fuel consumption. The Toyota Prius and the Ford Escape Hybrid use this technology.

Honda’s hybrid

For those of you who have toyed with the idea of buying a hybrid but were discouraged by the price, you are not alone. In fact, despite the growing concern for the environment, not to mention the skyrocketing price of gas, hybrid cars still only represent a small percentage of global car sales, and a major reason for this is the cost.  

Hybrids are considered the wave of the future because they not only reduce emissions, addressing the issue of climate change, but they get great gas mileage, an important consideration with the current price of oil. It should be noted that hybrids can also improve the power of the engine, which compromises any advantages in fuel efficiency and emissions. Whatever the application, however, the technology makes the cars more expensive.

Because of this, they are the vehicle of choice for only a small niche of people who can afford them, and they currently enjoy a special status amongst the image conscious celebrity-set. For most average consumers, however, they are not an option.

That may soon change.

Honda Motor Corporation, one of the largest car manufacturers in the world and a leader in fuel efficient technology, has unveiled it’s plan to introduce a low-cost hybrid by 2009. If they can pull it off, they hope to make the hybrid a more mainstream car that will be more appealing to the general public, with the ultimate goal of achieving greater sales and broader appeal than their current incarnation.

This, of course, is making Detroit nervous, and may signal a need for American car makers to start making greener and more fuel efficient vehicles, something they could afford to ignore in the past because hybrid cars weren’t worth their attention (due to such a small market share) while gas-guzzling SUVs have such high profit margins.

Honda, meanwhile, has had to confront a growing need to compete with Toyota, which has not only grown to be the world’s largest automaker, but makes the car that has become synonymous with the hybrid movement, the Prius. Honda is therefore faced with the seemingly insurmountable task of challenging Toyota’s dominance in the market.

Concurrently, Toyota is racing to lower production costs on the Prius, as well, which would hopefully result in a lower cost to the consumer. All eyes are on a potentially favorable car buyers market in 2009.

In the meantime, with even adamant global warming naysayers warming up (no pun intended) to the possibilities of an ecological disaster on the horizon, maybe it’s time that we got over our need to drive huge SUVs and start moderating our fuel consumption.

Then again, as gas prices hovering around $4.00 and with no ceiling in sight, we may have little choice in the matter.

Engine Operating Principles

Most automobile dngines are internal combustion, reciprocating 4-stroke gasoline engines, but other types have been used, including the diesel, the rotary ( Wankel ) , the 2-srtoke, and stratified charge.

Reciprocating means up and down or banck and forth, It is the up and down action of a piston in the cylinder blick, or engine block. The blick is an iron or aluminum casting that contains engine cylinders and passges called water jackets for coolant circulation. The top of the block is covered with the cylinder head. Which forms the combustion chanber. The bottom of the block is covered with an oil pan or oil sump.

Power is produced by the linear motion of a piston in a cylinder. However, this linear motion must be changed into rotary motion to turn the wheels of cars of trucks. The piston is attached to the top of a connecting rod by a pin, called a piston pin or wrist pin. The bottom of the connecting rod is attached to the crankshaft. The connecting rod transmits the up-and-down motion of the piston to the crankshaft, which changes it into rotary motion.

The connecting rod is mounted on the crankshaft with large beaings called rod bearings. Similar bearings, called main bearings, are used to mount the crankshaft in the block. Shown in Fig. 1-1

The diameter of the cylinder is called the engine bore. Displacement and compression ratio are two frequently used engine specifications. Displacement indicates engine size, and compression ratio compares the total cylinder volume to compression chamber volume.

The term stroke is used to describe the movement of the iston within the cylinder, as well as the distance of piston travel. Depending on the type of engine the operating cycle may require either two or four strokes to complete. The 4-stroke engine is also called Otto cycle engine, in honor of the German engineer, Dr. Nikolaus Otto, who first applied the principle in 1876. In the 4-stroke engine, four strokes of the piston in the cylinder are required to complete one full operating cycle. Each stroke is named after the action it performs intake, compression, power, and exhaust in that order, shown in Fig1-2.

1、Intake stroke

As the piston moves down, the vaporized mixture of fuel and air enters the cylinder through open intake valve. To obtain the maximum filling of the cylinder the intake valve opens about 10°before t.b.c., giving 20°overlap. The inlet valve remains open until some 50°after b.d.c. to take advantage of incoming mixture.

2、 Compression stroke

The piston turns up, the intake valve closes, the mixture is compressed within the combustion chamber, while the pressure rise to about 1Mpa, depending on various factors including the compression ratio, throttle opening and engine speed. Near the top of the stroke the mixture is ignited by a spark which bridges the gap of the spark plug.

3、 Power stroke

The expanding gases of combustion produces a rise in pressure of the gas to some 3.5Mpa, and the piston is forced down in the cylinder. The exhaust valve opens near the bottom of the stroke.

4、Exhust stroke

The piston moves back up with the exhaust valve open some 50°before b.d.d., allowing the pressure within the cylinder to fall and to reduce ‘back’pressure on the piston during the exhaust stroke, and the burned gases are pushed out to prepare for the next intake stroke.The intake valve usually opens just before the exhaust stroke.

This 4-stroke cycle is continuously repeared in every as long as the engineremains running.

A 2-stroke engine also goes through four actions to complete one operating cycle.

However, the intake and the compression actions are combined in one seroke, and the power and exhaust actions are combined in the other stroke. The term2-stroke cycle or 2-stroke is preferred to the term 2-cycle, which is really not accurate.

In automobile engines, all pistons are attached to a single crankshaft. The more cylinders an engine has, the more power strokes produced for cach revolution. This means that an 8-cylinder engine runs more smoothly bdcause the power atrokes are closer together in time and in degrees of engine rotation.

The cylinders of multi-cylinder automotive engines arranged in one of three ways.

1、Inline engines use a single block of cylinder.Most 4-cylinder and any 6-cylinder engines are of this design. The cylinders do not have to be vertical. They can be inclined either side.

2、V-type engines use two equal bands of cylinders, usually inclined 60degrees or 90degrees from the cach other. Most V-type engines have 6 or 8 cylinders, although V-4 and V-12 engines have been built.

3、Horizontally opposed or pancake engines have two equal banks of cylinders 180degreeas apart. These space saving engine designs are often air-cooled, and are found in the Chevrolet Carvair, Porsches, Subaus, and Volkswagens. Subaus design is liquid cooled.

Late-model Volkswagen vans use a liquid-cooled version of the air cooled VWhorizontally opposed engine.

譯  文

新型汽車----混合動力汽車

在油價飛漲的今天，汽車制造商被要求發(fā)展一種排放低，行駛里程長的汽車。由此混合動力車誕生了?；旌蟿恿嚨奶卣魇菗碛幸粋€小型高效的發(fā)動機和一個輔助發(fā)動機的電動機。

發(fā)明這個復雜機器的原因是雙重的：減少排放，增加形式路程。第一，混合動力車是環(huán)保的?；旌蟿恿嚨呐欧疟绕胀ㄆ蜋C少90%。其間，混合動力車每英里的燃料消耗少，所以排放的二氧化碳也就少。第二，混合動力車是經(jīng)濟的?；旌蟿恿囀怯邪l(fā)動機和電動機共同驅(qū)動的，每加侖燃料可以行使大約55~60英里，而普通的SUV行使相同的距離需要至少三倍的燃料！原因有三點：1）混合動力車的發(fā)動機排量比普通汽車的都小。當車不需要爬坡和急加速的情況下，發(fā)動機適應(yīng)99%的駕駛情況。當需要額外的動力時，它可以通過發(fā)電機提供動力。2）混合動力車可以在怠速時使是發(fā)動機停止工作，而僅僅依靠電動機和電池驅(qū)動。3)混合動力車有能量回收裝置。電動機可以在剎車時把能量回收，儲存在電池中。此外，混合動力車要比純電動車好，因為混合動力車不需要給電瓶另外充電。大部分純電動車每行使50~100英里就要充電。而且，純電動車的速度不能大于50~60英里每小時，而混合動力車可以。

混合動力車以它的低油耗和長行使距離填補了純電動車和內(nèi)燃機車之間的空隙，同時，在油價高漲的今天混合動力車被證明是一種可行的選擇。因此，我認為混合動力車擁有一個光明的未來。

油電混合汽車是如何工作的？

您或許有輛汽油車或者柴油車。您或許也聽說過電動汽車。一輛混合動力車或者是油電混合動力車是個能量的混合體?；旌蟿恿囉袃蓚€或兩個以上的能量來源來推動汽車。在這種情況下，通常是由一個內(nèi)燃機和一個電動機組成的。

那它是如何處理動力的聯(lián)結(jié)方式呢？根據(jù)混合動力驅(qū)動的聯(lián)結(jié)方式通常分為三類：并聯(lián)式，串聯(lián)式和混聯(lián)式混合動力系統(tǒng)。

并聯(lián)式混合動力系統(tǒng)

并聯(lián)式混合動力系統(tǒng)式由供油系統(tǒng)，內(nèi)燃機，變速箱，電機和電池組成的。

在并聯(lián)式系統(tǒng)中，不管是內(nèi)燃機還是電機都能各自驅(qū)動汽車，而且在某些情況下還能同時驅(qū)動汽車。當作為一輛普通汽車時，它的動力來自內(nèi)燃機，并通過變速箱將動力傳到車輪。如果用電動機驅(qū)動，它就會利用電池的能量，并通過變速箱傳遞給車輪。

當遇到急加速或上坡等需要額外的驅(qū)動力時，內(nèi)燃機和電動機會同時工作，以滿足需求。

當內(nèi)燃機和并聯(lián)式混合動力系統(tǒng)連接起來后，在使用的過程中的無用燃料消耗會大大減少，動力得到了回收，降低了內(nèi)燃機油耗。當在平坦的路上行駛時，大部分時間是電動機在工作。

串聯(lián)式混合動力系統(tǒng)

串聯(lián)式系統(tǒng)同樣擁有供油系統(tǒng)，發(fā)動機，變速箱，電動機和一個可以給電池充電的發(fā)電機。發(fā)電機可以是電動機也可以是另外一個獨立的部分。

串聯(lián)式系統(tǒng)可以說是這3種系統(tǒng)中最簡單的了。發(fā)動機并沒有和變速箱相連，而是和發(fā)電機連在一起。這意味著變速箱只能和電動機相連，而電動機的能量來自電池，發(fā)電機或者發(fā)動機。

一輛串聯(lián)式混合動力車非常適和都市交通情況，使發(fā)動機避免了怠速和低速運轉(zhuǎn)的工況，從而減少了油耗和排放。

混聯(lián)式混合動力系統(tǒng)

混聯(lián)式系統(tǒng)解決了并聯(lián)和串聯(lián)式各自的問題。由于結(jié)合了兩種系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點，變速箱既可以和發(fā)動機連接，也可以和電動機相連，從而降低了油耗。豐田的Prius和福特的Escape Hybrid都是用的是這種 技術(shù)。

本田的混合動力技術(shù)

我們雖然想買混合動力的汽車但最終會被它的價格潑一盆冷水。事實上姑且不提飛漲的油價，另外就是我們很關(guān)心環(huán)境的，混合動力汽車還是由于價格原因只有很小的市場占有率。

混合動力被譽為下一個流行潮流，因為他不僅減少了給氣候帶來威脅的尾氣排放，而且還解決了目前的高油價問題。值得一提是這還是內(nèi)燃機協(xié)調(diào)燃料效能和排放方面技術(shù)進步的表現(xiàn)。不論如何應(yīng)用，科技總是會使車的漲價。

    就是因為這樣，只有在一特殊的小市場里的少部分的人們可以買的起這樣的車，他們在名人中有一種形象特殊的地位。對于大多數(shù)的人來說，他們不并不是一個選擇。那種情況很快就會改變的。

全球最大的汽車生產(chǎn)商和燃料效能技術(shù)機構(gòu)本田機車公司將要在2009年推出一款低價位的混合動力汽車。如果可以的話他們希望使這款車成為大眾能接受的主流車型，達到更大的銷售量并具有更廣泛的吸引力的目標。

當然這樣做會使底特律緊張起來，并給美國的汽車生產(chǎn)商們發(fā)出了一個信號：你們應(yīng)該著手生產(chǎn)他們原來忽視的東西，那些更環(huán)保和燃油經(jīng)濟性更好的汽車了，在過去由于混合動力很少的市場占有率和高油耗svu車型有更大的利潤使他們并不重視混合動力的研發(fā)。

 現(xiàn)在本田不僅正在和全球最大的汽車制造商而且還是制造普銳斯---混合動力汽車的代名詞的豐田公司來較量了。本田挑戰(zhàn)一個看上去不可戰(zhàn)勝被豐田掌控的市場。

 同時豐田正致力于降低普銳斯的制造成本，從而降低其市場價格。所有的注意都集中在2009年的潛在的汽車消費市場。

 于此同時，態(tài)度強硬的全球變暖的反對者更堅信生態(tài)災難就要來臨，或許已經(jīng)是到結(jié)束我們對suv車型的鐘愛，并著手降低成品油消費的時候了。

 油價漲到了4美元并且還在無限制的增長，我們可能只有很小的選擇空間了。

發(fā)動機工作原理

大多數(shù)汽車的發(fā)動機是內(nèi)燃機，往復四沖程汽油機，但是也有使用其它類型的發(fā)動機，包括柴油機，轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機，二沖程發(fā)動機和分程燃燒發(fā)動機。

往復的意思就是上下運動或前后運動，在往復發(fā)動機中，氣缸中活塞的上下運動產(chǎn)生發(fā)動機的動力，這種類型幾乎所有的發(fā)動機都是依賴氣缸體即發(fā)動機缸體，缸體是鑄鐵或鑄鋁制的，它包括發(fā)動機氣缸和冷卻液循環(huán)用的水套。缸體的頂部是氣缸蓋，它組成了燃燒室，缸體底部是油底殼。

氣缸內(nèi)活塞的直線運動產(chǎn)生動力，然而，必須將直線運動轉(zhuǎn)化成旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，使汽車車輪轉(zhuǎn)動，活塞銷將活塞連接在連桿頂部，連桿底部與曲軸連接，使汽車車輪轉(zhuǎn)動，活塞銷將活塞連桿頂部，連桿底剖與曲軸連接，連桿將活塞的往復運動傳遞給曲軸，曲軸將其轉(zhuǎn)化為旋轉(zhuǎn)運動，連桿是用連桿曲軸安裝在曲軸上的，用類似的軸承即主軸承將曲軸固定在缸體內(nèi)。

氣缸的直徑稱為發(fā)動機的內(nèi)徑，排量和壓縮比是兩個常用的發(fā)動機參數(shù) ，排量是指發(fā)動機的大小，壓縮比是氣缸總?cè)莘e與燃燒室壓縮容積之比。

術(shù)語: 沖程是用來說明活塞在氣缸內(nèi)的運動，也就是活塞行程的距離根據(jù)發(fā)動機類型的需要二沖程或四沖程來完成一個工作循環(huán)四沖程發(fā)動機也叫做奧托發(fā)動機，為了紀念德國工程 師奧托，他是在1876年第一個應(yīng)用該原理的，在四沖程發(fā)動機中，要求氣缸活塞四沖程來完成一個完整的工作循環(huán)，每個沖程根據(jù)其行為命名分別為: 進氣沖程，壓縮沖程，作功沖程和排氣沖程。

1、進氣沖程

當活塞下移時，霧化后的可燃混合氣通過打開的進氣門 進入氣缸，為了達到最大的進氣量，進氣門在活塞到達上止點前10°打開，使進、排氣門有20°打開重疊角，進氣門一直打開到活塞到達下止點充分進入混合氣之后50°左右。

2、壓縮沖程

活塞開始向上移動時，進氣門關(guān)閉，混合氣在燃燒室中壓縮，根據(jù)不同因素包括壓縮比，節(jié)氣門開度，發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速壓力上升到約1兆帕，接近沖程頂部時，火花塞產(chǎn)生的電火花擊穿點火間隙點燃可燃混合氣。

3、作功沖程

燃燒膨脹的氣體產(chǎn)生的壓力上升到3.5個兆帕時，推動活塞下移，接近氣缸底時，排氣門打開。

4、排氣沖程

隨著排氣門開啟約下止點前50°，活塞回升，使氣缸內(nèi)壓力下降在排氣沖程，減少對活塞回壓，派出廢氣，為下一個進氣沖程作準備，通常情況下，進氣門在排氣沖程完成前打開。

只要發(fā)動機保持運轉(zhuǎn)，每個氣缸內(nèi)四個沖程循環(huán)連續(xù)不斷地重復下去。

兩沖程發(fā)動機也同樣通過四行程來完成，一個工作循環(huán)但是進氣沖程，壓縮沖程合為一個沖程，作功沖程形成另一個沖程，術(shù)語兩行程循環(huán)和兩行程就是所謂的術(shù)語雙循環(huán)但實際上并不太準確。

在所用的汽車發(fā)動機中，所有的活塞都是固定在一個曲軸上的，氣缸中發(fā)動機越多，每轉(zhuǎn)為發(fā)動機的作功沖程產(chǎn)生越多的動力，這就意味著八缸發(fā)動機運轉(zhuǎn)的越平順，因為發(fā)動機在作功沖程中運轉(zhuǎn)時間和旋轉(zhuǎn)角度緊密。

多氣缸發(fā)動機有三種排列形式，任其一種

1、直列式發(fā)動機用一個氣缸體，大多數(shù)四缸發(fā)動機和一些六缸發(fā)動機都采用這種型式，這種氣缸不必垂直分布，它們可以向任一方向傾斜。

2、V-型發(fā)動機用兩排同樣的氣缸，通常夾角為60°或90°，大多數(shù)有六缸或八缸，盡管四缸和十二缸也有采用V型的。

3、 臥式或者對置式發(fā)動機有兩排互為180°的氣缸，這些節(jié)省窨發(fā)動機 設(shè)計 通常采用風冷式，在雪弗蘭、富士、大眾車采用這種型式，富士汽車采用水冷式，在頂置式風冷發(fā)動機中，大眾的新型廂式汽車采用水冷式。

在未來的20年，內(nèi)燃機仍是各種通用機械的主要動力，隨著汽油和柴油的質(zhì)量越來越高以及內(nèi)燃機技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，能量利用效率得到了明顯的提高，同時代用燃料也會得到迅速運用，小型的廢氣渦輪增壓內(nèi)燃機的研制，必將對我國內(nèi)燃機行業(yè)的發(fā)展及節(jié)約能源方面起到重要的作用。因此，如何結(jié)合我國國情來發(fā)展內(nèi)燃機行業(yè)及中國的燃料，開發(fā)研究新的節(jié)能技術(shù)，制定科學的、符合發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略，是我國內(nèi)燃機行業(yè)科研單位乃至國家政府必須重視的問題。

1．研究提高內(nèi)燃機制造的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)

近幾年我國通過技術(shù)引進和技術(shù)改造，內(nèi)燃機技術(shù)已經(jīng)有了長足的進步，走上了健康的發(fā)展之路。但在關(guān)鍵技術(shù)還遠遠落后于國外先進水平，所以，在關(guān)鍵技術(shù)上要加大科技投入，重點扶持油泵油嘴、增壓器等關(guān)鍵零部件產(chǎn)業(yè)；充分利用電子控制、共軌系統(tǒng)等高新技術(shù)來改進內(nèi)燃機及燃燒系統(tǒng)；解決整機開發(fā)及匹配技術(shù)，如柴油機燃油、進氣及燃燒系統(tǒng)的匹配與優(yōu)化技術(shù)；有計劃的改進內(nèi)燃機的制造工藝及材質(zhì)的問題，提高內(nèi)燃機的質(zhì)量，增加能源利用效率，以達到節(jié)約能源的目的。

研究開發(fā)高速直噴燃燒系統(tǒng)。我國小型高速柴油機普遍采用渦流室，比直噴機型油耗高10％～15％。我國小型高速直噴柴油機處于研究開發(fā)階段。

2．研究開發(fā)綜合燃燒系統(tǒng)的內(nèi)燃機

回顧內(nèi)燃機發(fā)展歷程，汽油機及柴油機都有各自的優(yōu)點，而且已經(jīng)表明汽油機與柴油機在互相滲透，揚長避短，為了適應(yīng)燃料多元化及節(jié)約能源的要求，必須將汽油機及柴油機工作過程的優(yōu)點綜合在一起，研究開發(fā)新的綜合燃燒系統(tǒng)。增加柴油機的均質(zhì)預混合部分，取消汽油機的點火系統(tǒng)，增加壓縮比；運用成熟的納米材料及納米技術(shù)。

3．研究及開發(fā)代用燃料

我國每年都需要進口大量的石油，而且逐年在增長，石油資源逐漸枯竭，所以必須考慮替代燃料，目前已經(jīng)應(yīng)用和發(fā)展了多元化的燃料，包括天然氣(CNG)、液化石油氣(LPc)、甲醇、乙醇、氫、二甲醚及生物柴油等，其中天然氣、液化石油氣、乙醇已經(jīng)得到了應(yīng)用，氫氣是理想的清潔燃料，是科研人員追求的目標。目前，無論用水或生物質(zhì)制氫，都是效率低、成本高，包括儲存的一些技術(shù)仍遠未解決。納米材料及納米技術(shù)有助于解決這一問題，但這需要較長時間的開發(fā)研究，寶馬公司一直致力于氫氣內(nèi)燃機的研制，開發(fā)了多款氫內(nèi)燃機汽車，其中V12氫內(nèi)燃機是世界上首批用于轎車上的內(nèi)燃機，該內(nèi)燃機可使用氫氣和汽油兩種燃料；從20世紀80年代起國外就開始研究生物質(zhì)能，不斷取得一些成果，但仍未達到商業(yè)化的水平，據(jù)專家預測，2010年左右可達到廉價工業(yè)化要求。我國有關(guān)大學及科研單位也在進行研究、開發(fā)和應(yīng)用生物質(zhì)能及燃料，這是經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)發(fā)展的必由之路。

4．增壓技術(shù)應(yīng)該向中小功率內(nèi)燃機發(fā)展

內(nèi)燃機增壓技術(shù)在上世紀60年代才獲得了迅速的發(fā)展和廣泛的推廣使用，采用增壓技術(shù)的內(nèi)燃機可以降低油耗2％～5％，但目前大中型內(nèi)燃機使用較多，而中小型的內(nèi)燃機應(yīng)用比較少。所以增壓技術(shù)應(yīng)向中小功率內(nèi)燃機擴展，隨著小型渦輪增壓器結(jié)構(gòu)的可靠性不斷提高，我國應(yīng)盡快開發(fā)小型廢氣渦輪增壓汽油機及柴油機。

5．內(nèi)燃機的柴油機化

內(nèi)燃機作為最廣泛的動力機械，其中我國汽油機占40％，其余為柴油機。柴油機的熱效率比汽油機高，通?？梢怨?jié)油25％以上，這是世界上早已達成的共識。隨著設(shè)計、制造技術(shù)、材料技術(shù)水平的提高，柴油機取代汽油機的技術(shù)障礙將逐步被克服，特別是近年“石油危機”以來，世界各國“柴油機化”迅速發(fā)展，不但農(nóng)用發(fā)動機采用柴油機，各類機動車用發(fā)動機也采用柴油機，就是有些轎車也采用柴油機。